Crom Alternative Currency - Payment System And Social Network - Forum Kunena Site Syndication http://www.cromalternativemoney.org Wed, 16 May 2012 19:27:40 +0000 Kunena 1.6 http://cromalternativemoney.org/components/com_kunena/template/default/images/icons/rss.png Crom Alternative Currency - Payment System And Social Network - Forum http://cromalternativemoney.org/ en-gb Naslov: Ending Taxation and having a prosperous economy to boot! - od: CAFR1 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/94-crom-alternative-currency-local-groups/2459-ending-taxation-and-having-a-prosperous-economy-to-boot#2459 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/94-crom-alternative-currency-local-groups/2459-ending-taxation-and-having-a-prosperous-economy-to-boot#2459 05/13/12


Yes, the dollar is a "fiat" currency as most currencies are. They are a bartering tool for HARD ASSETS. The currency has no physical value, it is what is acquired with the currency that has value and those hard assets are convertible into ANY currency or barter tool such as Swiss Frank, British Pound, Gold, or even if a farmer wishes to exchange land or crops if it can be arranged.

The population is given the view of the "curtain" in front of the "Wizard" and at the same time creates a 100% void of the aspect of the Wizard's actions behind the curtain. The following paragraph pulls back the curtain and qualifies what the Wizard has done here:

** The wizard utilizes that fiat currency bartered over the decades for exchange to buy up all of the assets both domestically and globally. Land; buildings; developments; corporations; debt instruments, etc. And said here again, these hard assets can be exchanged for "ANY" bartering tool used globally; dollars, Chinese Yuan, Gold, promissory notes, Mexican Peso, etc. So the issue is not the bartering tool being used, but what is happening with all of the "hard assets" being acquired over the decades. I note the peoples productivity value is also a hard asset being that it is drained from them and then used to acquire other hard assets.

Here is a hard question for you? (being sarcastic) Who has been acquiring most of the hard assets utilizing currency bartering tools, and taking most of the people's productivity value over the last century?

ANSWER: Collective local and federal government.

Curtain drawn back, Wizard exposed.

This is why you will never see a consolidated ownership report for local and federal government for domestic and international holdings. Total Stock, bonds, land, buildings, foreign currency, promissory notes, bank deposits, derivative positions, cash loans, etc.

You will find individual reports large and small (out of tens-of-thousands) that will show holdings, a few reports if you dig deep enough that show a "selective grouping" of a few local government investment holdings, but never a consolidated report that shows all physical asset holdings from all local and all federal government accounts.

Keep in mind, government both local and federal spends billions of dollars a year on its own accounting. Internally, access to all local and federal account holdings "globally" is there at the stroke of a computer key pad "if designed" to do so at any point in a given year. This is NOT done for public viewing being that the showing of extreme, systematic, and massive power abuses from control therein would be so condemning, the Wizards would be naked and in most probability drug out of their cushioned chairs by an irate populace unified by common knowledge learned, using whatever force was necessary to do so.

Here, the illusion is masterfully maintained with cause, maintained from precise actions of an international government syndicate, primarily controlled and orchestrated out of the US, and maintained and over-sighted by eager minions of bought and paid for appointed and elected attorneys.

The public is masterfully entertained with spoon-fed distraction, in most cases to direct them to a fiction or non-consequential circumstance that has no-effect on the reality of the government syndicate's total control and ownership of it all, the hard assets owned by them and obtained using those currency bartering tools globally.

I note 80% of the private homes and property in the US is owned by collective government through the mortgages on the same whereby collective government is the #1 investor behind those mortgages and loans.

The Banks and Mortgage companies are just the "in-between" man facilitating the transactions. The profit from the usury interest primarily goes back to the government investment portfolios and the Banks, Mortgage, and insurance companies take their transaction and holding fee cuts from the same..

When looking at US local and federal collective government investment holding accounts globally, as of 2012 a conservative figure would be 110-trillion dollars. Getting a clear look over the obfuscation in place here is a difficult and time consuming effort.

What is "promoted" to the public is the "debt" aspect, raising taxation to satisfy the debt, and meet ever expanding operating costs. I note that if you look at any well established local government that cried bankruptcy threats after the 2008 market orchestrated theft, they increased their gross income by 25% to 35% from 2008 to 2011 (in three years) as they were also promoting to the contrary that they were cutting back to meet expenses. (Look at the local government's CAFR from 2009 to 20012 to verify the same). I also note that the same occurred in 2002 through 200 6 after the 2001 911 event.

As is the standard over the last century, the curtain was flailed in-front of the Wizard to distract the population as the Wizard behind the curtain stuffed his pockets with stacks of hundred dollar bills, created more stacks of hundred dollar bills to acquire more hard assets, and laughed uncontrollably at the public's nativity and ease of manipulation. (Greed and opportunity unrestrained)

Now when you have the full control and eager participation of the talking heads, syndicated media, both primary political parties, controlled education, and the financial and industrial complex out of a very profitable multi-trillion dollar a year symbiotically designed operation, this in their cooperative silence maintaining a void of any cognitive thinking from the population makes the job all so much easier to accomplish.

The population is controlled, "drained", and maintained, thus the beat goes on. Personal empires are built small and large with the public scratching their heads saying: "There is something terribly wrong here but I just can't put my finger on it."

The population was never intended to "put there finger on it". Much efforts, influence, and billions of dollars were exerted to make sure they never did put their finger on it over the last century due to the money and control involved. If anyone tries to exert for a cognitive thought in this arena from the outside or even the from inside, they run smack into a brick wall of well-entrenched silence and void maintained.

Touching or speaking about the core reality is a dangerous thing to do, and gets a visceral reaction from the all so many players firmly attached to the over-bloated tit of the fatted cow.

The way things are now is "good for business". Yes, government's global conquest business. I note also that the "debt" he refers to is funded directly or indirectly by collective government's own investment capital where the usury interest goes back to their own "global" investment holdings. Another example of draining the public, an undisclosed tax, without the population ever being the wiser. Inflation on goods and services with the increased profit going back to the government global investment holdings, the same. Trade and policy enacted funneling massive amounts of money back to the government investment holdings, the same.

If at this point you scratch your head and say you just can't put your finger on it, then just be a good little boy or girl and go back to your TV and be masterfully entertained by the same syndicate, paid and bought individuals, and organizations that will spoon-fed you in their attempts to masterfully distract and entertain so that they can drain and manage you. Remember, that is good for their business in you doing so.

If you are no longer scratching your head, and now have a cognitive thought pertaining to the core issue effecting your every-day life as outlined above, then you may want to take it to the next step of creating government policy to make you, your family, and the population of this country the "First-Line-Benifitiary" of our government operations and the massive global investment holdings held whereby from the investment return generated therefrom (a revenue source), all taxation (a revenue source) is eliminated and your and your future generation's productivity value is protected for all time to come, and as an end result we all have a very prosperous economy to boot for the next thousand-years and beyond, then:

TaxRetirement.com is a site I put up last year with the basics to do so. There is a basic 4-point template initiative linked on the page as a starter.

The City of Mesa, AZ has been doing it in part for 40-years. They require all investment funds; enterprise operations to contribute to the General Purpose operating budget each year. The city owns the power company and they have the lowest electric rates with the enterprise operation pitching in 40 to 100 million a year to the city's general purpose operating funds.

When I looked in 1999, only 35% of the income for the general purpose accounts was satisfied by tax income. The city police had their own fund that supported based on return from 45% to 85% of their operating expenses depending on what year you look at.

Any government pension fund is an example of TRF operation. The pension funds were designed to generate salaries and benefits at retirement. TRFs are set up exactly the same way only the returns from a TRF are designated to meet that local government's general purpose operating fund requirements so the the income source of taxation is not needed.

The State of NH on the state level up until 1989 satisfied 85% of the state's operating funds from their own investment account.

Two counties will be coming on line with the TRF management principle at the end of 2012 and in operation in 2013.

When the the first county implements the TRF operation, I will be doing a radio simulcast with about 30 independent radio show hosts who go out to a million + each. Should reach 50-million people in one day with what is happening and why and reach 90-million individuals within a week through those that listen to the archive of the simulcast.

My focus at this time is building a data-base under the Tax Retirement Fund Association (TRFA) of 150,000 managers with their track-record going back 5, 10, 15, 20, 25-years. This way if a city, say Miami, FL calls wanting to implement the TRF management principle, at a key-stroke I can pull up 15 local managers to Miami, compile their performance records at a keystroke, and assign them as the team to complete the audit; statistical review; fill in the blanks into the standard (written in stone) TRF 12-point prospectus; and then be the management team over the TRF fund management.

The data base will then monitor performance to make sure the objectives of phasing out all taxation (property; sales; corporate) are being reached or exceeded. If falling behind then corrective action is taken.

In this fashion at a key-stroke I can put thousands of venues into motion from start; to implementation; and then oversight monitoring. My 4-year projection after the simulcast is to have 10,000 to 15,000 local venues on line under TRF management. Then maybe in 8-years the TRF being the standard across the county in satisfying local government's general purpose operating expenses. I note that in the TRF prospectus, all fines and fees are capped and are targeted for reduction. Again, the TRF establishing the population as the first-line- beneficiary.

1. Population maintains their productivity value (no taxation)

2. Financial and industrial complex are well funded (almost unlimited capital reinvestment growing under the TRF management accounts)

3. Government has their truck-loads of cash rolling in from the returns on and from the TRF accounts.

Win-win for one-and-all, and a thriving economy to boot! First time event in the last 10,000 years that all three power groups are combined on the same page with the same objectives. Cutting through the greed out of oppertunity that is well entrenched today within government and its symbiotic players will not be an easy job to accomplish, but it can be done..

PS: My birth name is Bubien

My BIO in case you did not catch it is at - CAFR1.com/BIO.html


Walter Burien - CAFR1
P. O. Box 2112
Saint Johns, AZ 85936

Tel. (928) 458-5854
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-------FOOTER NOTE------

Per understanding CAFRs, local governments Annual Financial Report, people have been intentionally kept in the dark so long they forget the basics:

1. A "Budget Report" is a selective funding of x accounts from x resources (set up to be primarily funded with taxation and done so "for the year")

2. An "Annual Financial Report" is the showing of "all" income: Investment; taxation; and Enterprise, plus the "accumulated wealth over decades. Budgets are for the year, an AFR is for it all since creation of the entity.

There is a big difference between the two. A correct analogy would be: The budget to operate your house vs. your statement of net worth.

The public has been played with the biggest shell game of selective presentation there is allowing for massive fortunes to be made by the inside players over and over again for the last several decades..

Every investment fund large and small is a power base. Where that money is invested determines what company; real-estate venture, etc., is made or broken. Thus in line with that, never a mention of the 184,000 AFRs of the corresponding local governments..nor the many tens-of-thousands of specialty investment funds they contain. I note gov pension funds facilitate the same. Paying employee benefits from the return on the funds is an after thought for the government players, the power-base networked from these funds is catches their complete attention and underlying intent.

The head communists back in the 30's and 40's said they could take over America without firming a shot. The undercurrents of that statement were that they could depend on the greed and opportunity of the players to accomplish that goal and it did. US Collective government since 2000 brings in more gross income (investment; tax; and enterprise) than the entire gross income of the population of the United States.

Taxation is rammed down the public's throat (1/3rd of the gross income) and Investment / Enterprise income (2/3rd of the gross income) the "silence is golden" rule is strictly enforced with the full symbiotic cooperation of the syndicated media; controlled education; and both political parties in a symbiotic relationship as applies over the last century.
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Crom Alternative Currency - Local Groups Mon, 14 May 2012 21:31:32 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/94-crom-alternative-currency-local-groups/2459-ending-taxation-and-having-a-prosperous-economy-to-boot#2459
Naslov: Global Monetary Reform And The Transformation Of Society - od: administrator http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2458-global-monetary-reform-and-the-transformation-of-society#2458 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2458-global-monetary-reform-and-the-transformation-of-society#2458 - THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION CONFERENCE -

PERCEPTION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMATICS AND GLOBAL MONETARY REFORM VISION


Content prepared by Aljosa Duric – a self-educated free thinker, independent researcher, founder of the alternative worth appraisal and exchange system "Crom Alternative Currency System", co-founder and the first president of the NGO "Crom Alternative Exchange Association".

http://cromalternativemoney.org
association[at]cromalternativemoney.org





INTRO

"Debt is a true form of slavery, and the usury-system is the underlying cause of war throughout history. Unless you know who has lent what to whom, you know nothing about politics, you know nothing about history, and you know nothing about international conflicts", Ezra Pound claimed in not-so-distant past. On one occasion a German philosopher Johann von Goethe said that no one is more enslaved than he who thinks himself free without being so. Frankly, in a society based exclusively on money and absolutely dependent on money, how can anyone understand anything else, without first understanding what money is?


PART I

Essentially, the increasingly obvious need for a global monetary reform can simply and easily be understood through a “Day before and Day after” scenario.

The Day before the global monetary reform:

Having in mind the famous Rothschild's statement: "give me control of a nations money supply, and I care not who makes it's laws", it is not necessary to be a quantum physicist to come to a conclusion that there are only two possible choices in front of a money issuer, in our case the central bank - to serve or to be served. If the role of the central bank is to serve, it prints money as a value; if the purpose of the central bank is to be served, it prints money as a debt.
This black and white perspective conveys to us an enigma that politicians, scientists and media still completely ignore: if Earth is not flat anymore, if slavery has been abolished, if there is no more Inquisition and fascism has been defeated, then why the People of the World – the only producers of real values on this planet, through a concept in which money is issued out of nothing without any material basis, against all conventional wisdom – accept indebtedness to a private institution for the amount of all existing money plus interests, without receiving anything in return?
And how can it be that unlike much smarter heads, some individuals without even the first grade of elementary school realize that we live in a system created by bankers to benefit bankers?

The Day after the global monetary reform:

1) Till yesterday, seigniorage represented the most secret and greatest power on the planet we were all slaves to. Camouflaged behind the term "Developed countries", some unconsciously slaved to it 95%, whilst camouflaged behind the term "Developing countries", others also unconsciously slaved to it 99%. The difference in the percentages derives from the old wise proverb that the third, in our case it refers to the "money masters", will always make profit easily from the other two fighting.
Restart of the global monetary system brings incertitude of critical importance with itself: the United States and the UK, for example, and also Africa, were awakened to a new day in the same attire in which they fell asleep yesterday, or someone has remembered to smooth over the scandalous pseudo-imperialistic shame, which has in this and similar cases left behind ruins and millions dead, behind which is in reality hidden the unscrupulous greed of monetary moguls for the total global control?

2) The global financial elite has always controlled the entire supply of money in the world, while people are spending their precious lifetime in excessive production and excessive consumption of mostly unnecessary waste products that no one needs.
Robots and machines already perform many manufacturing and design activities thus replacing humans effectively, and technology development is advancing in this sense towards the ratio close to 100%.
After the restart of the global monetary system, will people awake to a new day more creative and able to change their own past purposes of existence in something more useful than making a few really rich people even richer and the poor even poorer?


PART II

How did it happen that nations were made so dependent on wage labor for fictitious money, and that people got addicted to shopping, pharmaceutical products, sexual fantasies, kitsch and a wide range of unnecessary extravagant and fancy services?
For a moment let's try to sail into the loving embrace between a bank and a state through an example in which the organizer of charity manifestation needs to order 300,000 tickets, each with a printed price of 99 dollars. Two printing houses have submitted their offer. The price of the first offer is the order's intrinsic value of five hundred dollars. The amount to be paid for the second offer is the overall nominal price of 300.000 tickets, which is thirty million dollars. Some strange business logic led the organizer of the charitable event to choose the second, more expensive option. Is it just economy, or aren't the governments lying, and the bankers stealing, while the rich keep laughing?
Today there are almost no things for which the ordinary layman cannot be arrested, since everything has become a crime. The network of imprisonment through laws and regulations specifically designed to prevent creative work has been imposed upon us by the socio-economic system that is now completely autonomous in relation to over 7 billion of us – the most intelligent creatures on this cosmic body.

The story about the monetary emission gain, the so-called "seigniorage", goes like this:

There was once a state called "Progressia", where a man decided to sell a few of his Mustangs. He made a deal with a friend who paid him four geese and two pigs for a horse. The news of the offer spread around Progressia. An interested merchant offered to pay 30 meters of textile, set of cups and saucers, and a collection of five rare books for a Mustang. Shortly after the conclusion of the deal, a carpenter, who also needed a horse, arrived. In exchange for the animal, the seller accepted new furniture. Finally, the majestic Progressor arrived and bought a Mustang for a golden coin. Each single trade has been conducted in a fair manner. Although the same price had been paid with different things, equivalent counter-values were exchanged.

However, the man who sold Mustangs was not aware of the fact that the Progressor is obliged to declare only the legal, that is to say, nominal value of money, and of the Progressor's right to conceal the intrinsic value of his means of payment. So, what if one half of the Progressor's golden coin is really made of pure gold, but the other half is made of much cheaper materials? In that way, a legal robbery of 50% of the value of each concluded deal would be allowed to the Progressor. Or even worse, and it's enough to look back in history, what if the Progressor's greedy appetite grows to such unthinkable measure that he, without violating any laws, decides to issue a golden coin which contains only 0.1% of that precious metal? The legal issuing of counterfeit money would open the magic door of omnipotence to the Progressor.

In the "modern" civilization that Progressia represents, all men are just consumable goods from birth. Lost in democracy labyrinths, they are trying to prove to someone who doesn't care at all about it that they are worth more than their nearby market competitors. No one pays any attention to the aforementioned Progressor's legal authority for acquiring unlimited purchasing power through undisturbed issuance of counterfeit money. At the end of this short instructive story, the Progressor has bought up everything that was for sale, not only material values but political influence too. Then came the turn for the population's property not offered for sale, including homes, farms, stores and workshops. Bravest opposed to such form of democracy, but the Progressor promised to his huge army in the meantime purchased with falsificated money, reward in the same fake golden coins for every rebel scalp.


PART III

Dictatorship of nontransparency - what follows is a detailed and precise description of the controversial and problematic relationship "Individual - Community - Money", namely, through official document of Crom Alternative Exchange Association sent to Croatian Government.
Croatian Government hasn't changed its position even after intervention of Croatian Personal Data Protection Agency which, as an independent body, supervises implementation of the Information Access Act. The document in question here, entitled "Croatia: Government and Citizens between Imagination, Reality, Prejudices and Assumptions", can easily be adapted for an attempt to establish communication with any other national government or supranational institution on the theme of transparency.

1) On the geographical area of Croatia, does anyone or anything have the right to claim the right over the life of any man (please bear in mind that question is strictly related to the living man of flesh and blood, and not to physical person)?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

2) What gives Parliament jurisdiction over once conceived and, later, over the newborn child?

Namely, unless born or still unborn child is a slave, no other entity cannot impose its will on him/her in any other way than by coercion - is this correct?


In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

3) A child is born, but nowhere officially registered. Two days later, in the middle of the night, in passing, it is abandoned by the parents in front of one tavern. The child's parents disappeared, they never appeared again. Parent's citizenship status is unknown. What is the status of the newborn child when it comes to citizenship, and what are its rights in that sense once it reaches 18 years of age?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

4) How Parliament acquires jurisdiction over a foreigner who stepped on the geographical area of Croatia, regardless of whether foreigner is a sovereign, citizen or subject?

In fact, in certain cases all Parliaments’ decision only apparently represents legal authority because someone's previous voluntary consent is firstly required. If foreigner has not freely and voluntarily consented to that Parliament’s decisions, it means either his consent is just assumed or they are imposed by force. Which one of these two possibilities is correct, if any?


In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

5) In addition to those of the Croatian Parliament, are there any foreign jurisdictions on the geographical area of Croatia? For example, foreign military bases and embassies.

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

6) According to the Law on Croatian Citizenship, person is considered to be a Croatian citizen in the case this status has been acquired in conformity with acts valid from the date of entry into force of that law. Is it possible for any variation of a legal fiction - i.e. person - like for example company or similar, to become a Croatian citizen? Furthermore, do airplanes and for example trains, cars, businesses or the like, have a Croatian nationality?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

7) An officer of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Croatia has received a request for issuance of identity card, with Birth certificate of, for example, Mirko Mirkovic adduced. After a while, Croatian Interior Ministry issued an ID card with the name MIRKO MIRKOVIC printed on it in all capital letters. Will the device for detecting forgeries start blinking and howling because an attempt to counterfeit someone's identity is discovered? Who is a Croatian citizen - Mirko Mirkovic, MIRKO MIRKOVIC, both or neither one?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

8) Is it obligatory to be a member of society on the geographical area of Croatia?

Let's take for example someone who, in the middle of the world financial crisis, on the basis of results achieved since the establishment of the Croatian state until today, thinks that mentioned community is completely corrupted. Is it possible for him by not hurting anyone and do anything threatening to anyone to be legally free, to hunt and fish, live in peace within nature and be exempted from being subjected to Croatian laws because he refuse to accept them?


In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

9) How can Croatian citizen become sovereign?

Sovereign in sense of not being citizen of any state and exercising God and nature given rights. Absence of these possibility would in fact mean that all those who want but can't achieve such status are nothing else than ordinary slaves - is this correct? To be sovereign means that someone doesn't have to be a citizen of any country, for the simple reason that he or she was created by nature, not by the state - this applies especially to case of the Republic of Croatia which exists as such only recently. It would also mean that the legal fiction such as the Parliament took it upon itself to give itself the power to a higher authority than the nature, through which by fraud or by force it impose its will to all those who do not consent to be controlled - is this correct? As the absence of these possibilitiy could not be interpreted any other way than the one in which we are all slaves owned by someone or something - if so, the question is repeated - how can Croatian citizen become sovereign?


In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

10) Is the Croatian citizen the one who lives far away from civilization in mountains on the Croatian geographical area, and whose birth was never officially registered anywhere? If the answer is negative, what is his status?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

11) It is a very surprising fact that so many people do not understand what money is, nor do they understand how money works. Is there any law from which is clearly and precisely visible that HRK - the Croatian monetary unit - is not just a worthless piece of paper but for example gram of gold, gram of silver, kilogram of wheat or some other quantity of any other material value?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

12) Like all other countries on this planet, Republic of Croatia is also in these difficult times literally devoured by the public debt. In financial statement of the Croatian central bank for 2009, banknotes and coins in circulation are classified under liabilities. This type of liability is in fact unique type of obligation in the world for which is not specified a time limit in which to meet. In the Law on Croatian National Bank there is a part called "The introduction of the euro as the official currency", so it is clearly visible that euro as a national currency will soon arrive in Croatia. However, this automatically means that the day of introduction of euro as a legal currency in Croatia, for all those who at that time are in possession of HRK and refuse (which is their inviolable right) to accept repayment of original debt with some kind of substitute payment medium - will represent the day of expiration of time limit for Croatian central bank to pay all of its obligations towards them.

In order to repay as a borrower the amount of 100 kuna of the national public debt, Croatian citizen either must sell part of his property, or must do some work. One day prior to introduction of the euro currency in Croatia, he came to the Croatian central bank to pay a part of public debt with 100 HRK earned by hard work on canal excavation. A day later, when he appears in the Croatian central bank with 100 kuna, that is to say with the certificate of their obligation towards him, he will walk out of the bank richer for that what is a material guarantee that stands behind that piece of paper on which a 100 digit is printed.

What will, clearly and precisely, that average Croatian citizen receive from the hands of the Croatian central bank officer and with it bring happiness and prosperity to his family? Silver, bronze, gold, wheat, something similar or a big disappointment in the form of zero?

Instead of being paid for the original one, the average Croatian citizen could eventually accept some kind of the new obligation of the Croatian National Bank towards him. Besides the fact that 100 euro paper banknote is 10.000 cents, and that 10.000 cents is 100 euro, what else is 100 euro - clearly, exactly and precisely determined and guaranteed by the law - in gold, silver, peppers or any other material values?


In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

13) In the Republic of Croatia is in use the banking system known as "fractional reserve banking" - is this correct? If this is not true, which system is in use?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

14) What is the required fractional reserve being used today?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

15) What can be understood by studying mentioned system is that banks must hold in reserve only fraction required by law. For example, if it's regulated that required fractional reserve is 10%, then bank on the basis of every HRK that keeps in reserve can lend to someone 9 kuna. Is this true? If not, then under which rules banks are lending money?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

16) Banks keep that reserve in the form of deposit at the Croatian central bank. Is this correct? If not, where do the banks hold their reserves?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

17) This means that if a deposit of 100 HRK has been made, bank can hold 10 HRK as a reserve and lend out 90 HRK to someone. Is this correct? If not, what is the amount that the bank can lend to someone?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

18) Is it true that through the system in question, bank can both keep in reserve all 100 kunas and lend 900 kunas out to someone?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

19) Through the practice of fractional reserve lending banks are allowed to create mentioned 900 HRK that they can lend in above question as a simple accounting entry. Is this correct? If that's not true, then from whence derives the amount of 900 HRK? Furthermore, is it real HRK or the device for detecting forgeries will start blinking and howling because an attempt to counterfeit official national currency is discovered?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

20) If money is created in described manner, then it can be freely said that the largest part, or maybe even the total amount of currency in circulation is created out of nothing other than the simple pen stroke on the paper or mouse action over computer screen. Is this correct?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

21) If the above understanding of how the banking system works is correct, then the largest part, or maybe even the total amount of currency in circulation is created as an interest-bearing debt that must be repaid to banks. But if banks create only the principal, from whence comes money with which interests must be paid?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

22) If it's true that with the repayment of the loan, the money that has been created through it is destroyed, then this means that banks must constantly continue to lend money because otherwise disappearance of the money supply would occur. Is this correct?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

23) The more loans banks give to others; the overall amount of money in circulation becomes greater, and thus inflation. Is this correct?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

24) If banks stop lending money to others, it means that the amount of money in circulation decreases, and therefore deflation occurs. Is this correct?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

25) Government does not create money, government borrows money. Government has to pay interest on borrowed money. Is this true?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

26) Taxation is a source of government revenue. What percentage of collected taxes goes for paying debts and interests on money borrowed by the government?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

27) The government borrows more and more interest-bearing money to repay interest on already existing debts. Is this true? If not, then in which way interest is being paid?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.

28) If through the aforementioned two questions understanding of how the system works is correct, then this means there is no way the government can pay back both principal and interest. Moreover, if the purpose of taxation is repaying of mentioned debts, then taxes for people who live in Croatia represent nothing else than one form of slavery. Isn't this correct?

In the name of Government of the Republic Croatia, President Jadranka Kosor replies: Response to the question can not be considered information; request of Crom Alternative Exchange Association to exercise the right of access to information is rejected.






PART IV

Already Existing Socio-Economic Alternatives.

Worth appraisal and exchange system named "Crom Alternative Currency System" is specific because based on the principle of "Free Currencies - Free Markets - Free People - Free Planet", in relation to key issues 'what is value' and 'to whom belongs the right to define value', instead of imposing on participants the administrative monopoly on choosing the means of payment or medium of exchange, maximally correctly it enables all members to make business and trade through any type of legal and alternative medium of payment or means of exchange they prefer. Within the system as a universal, but the optional payment medium circulates Crom Alternative Curreny - combination of a fixed quantity of five precious metals. Unlike the official monetary system through which in a mystical way transfer of wealth from hands of working population warred with itself into the hands of the rich takes place, Crom represents a honest and sustainable model of cooperative economics; unlike local currency systems, instead of approaching money problem by imposing territorial limits and opening new possibilities for outbreak of numerous future currency wars, Crom is equally well applicable at both local and global levels; and unlike complementary currency systems, Crom is not a supplement to national currency, but a real alternative to conventional money that instead of temporary alleviation of toothache pain offers option of permanent removal of the disease by going to the dentist.

Crom Alternative Currency System has been launched in 2007 as an innovation which always tends toward greater flexibility, and the idea initially conceived by Duric Aljosa from Pula, since 2009 is being developed through Crom Alternative Exchange Association established exactly for that purpose.

Instead of financial terms, the value of the Crom Alternative Currency is expressed in real terms. Crom Alternative Currency represents a combination of fixed quantity of five precious metals rather than the price of these metals expressed in a national currency or any other type of currency.

System offers a possibility of raising interest-free loans in alternative currency, and exchange of conventional money into alternative currency and vice versa. Since the issuance of currency is based on equivalent relation with real values, money supply is always compatible with the real demand for money; therefore risks of speculation, inflation and deflation are being eliminated. Quantity of money in Crom Alternative Currency System is regulated by both above mentioned tools through which Crom Alternative Currency is issued into existence: Crom Interest Free Loan is approved only on the basis of existing or future values of real character offered as collateral for a loan, and inside Money Exchange euros and dollars are exchangeable in crom only for as long as they can buy precious metals.

By configuring mechanism for issuing and distribution of money in such way, together with a currency being backed 100%, all essential prerequisites for long-term stable and sustainable functioning of Crom Alternative Currency System have been met. Given that the money system in economy of some community should not disturb the balance between production level and real consumption needs, or better said, as the money system must not be a barrier for interruption of excessive production, through innovative way of functioning of this alternative economic model in which money supply is regulated so that it supports rational relationship between production and consumption, the abnormal need for constant credit expansion and continuous increase in gross domestic product have been eliminated.

Crom Alternative Exchange Association - body that administers functioning of this alternative worth appraisal and exchange system which as an indivisible whole equally belongs to all community members, is currently looking for partner with whom cooperation will be realized in a way that will allow automatic purchasing of the precious metals contained in the definition of Crom Alternative Currency with exchanged dollars and euros.

Crom Alternative Currency is issued in electronic form, so the disadvantage of the system is that it allows trading only among registered participants. But the first means of payment in a paper form "Crom Transition Cheque", which has just come to light, although still intended only for registered members, is an optimistic and promising annunciation that planned paper banknotes also will soon appear on the streets of towns and villages.

Future development of the system includes intention to insert other commodities like energy and food into the definition of Crom Alternative Currency, and even better approach to the problem of centralized money in a way that in addition to existing mechanisms, through function "member to member loans" participants becomes able to easily finance each other. This will allow creation of money in existence by direct spending - in other words, bricklayer will become the issuer of money by direct crediting of customers with his services.


PART V

Discussion:

"Meet the new boss, same as the old boss, we won't get fooled again" is not only a revolutionary song of the legendary rock group "The Who". Crom Alternative Exchange Association does not give up its principles; everyone must be allowed to participate in the reform of global monetary system and in the work on implementation of social transformation.
For those reasons, this material is published in advance and remains open to debate to anyone who wants to have his say on the theme of "Global monetary reform and transformation of society". In this way, the meaning of the upcoming conference in Split takes a much deeper significance.

Serbo-Croatian Version
Globalna Monetarna Reforma I Transformacija Društva

Italian Version
Riforma Monetaria Globale E La Trasformazione Della Società


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Economics Sat, 12 May 2012 12:32:03 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2458-global-monetary-reform-and-the-transformation-of-society#2458
Naslov: Globalna Monetarna Reforma I Transformacija Društva - od: administrator http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/28-ekonomija/2457-globalna-monetarna-reforma-i-transformacija-drutva#2457 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/28-ekonomija/2457-globalna-monetarna-reforma-i-transformacija-drutva#2457 - PRVA MEĐUNARODNA KONFERENCIJA O DRUŠTVENOJ TRANSFORMACIJI -

PERCEPCIJA DRUŠTVENO-EKONOMSKE PROBLEMATIKE I VIZIJA GLOBALNE MONETARNE REFORME


Materijal pripremio Aljoša Đurić - samoobrazovani slobodni mislilac i neovisni istraživač, osnivač alternativnog sustava za procjenu i razmjenu vrijednosti "Sustav Alternativne Valute Crom", te suosnivač i prvi predsjednik nevladine organizacije "Udruga Crom Alternativna Razmjena".

http://cromalternativemoney.org
association[at]cromalternativemoney.org





UVOD

"Dug je ropstvo, lihvarski sustav je temeljni uzrok pokretanja ratova kroz cijelu povijest i sve dotle dok ne znaš tko je kome i što posudio, ništa ne znaš o politici, ništa ne znaš o povijesti, i ništa ne znaš o međunarodnim sukobima", tvrdio je Ezra Pound u i ne tako davnoj prošlosti. Jednom je prilikom njemački filozof Johann von Goethe rekao da su najsretniji robovi oni koji pogrešno vjeruju da su slobodni. Iskreno govoreći, u društvu koje je apsolutno bazirano na novcu i apsolutno ovisno o novcu, kako netko može razumijeti bilo što drugo ako prvo ne razumije što je uopće novac?


PRVI DIO

U suštini, cijela se sve očiglednija neizostavna potreba za globalnom monetarnom reformom može jednostavno i lako shvatiti kroz "Dan prije i Dan poslije" scenario.

Dan prije globalne monetarne reforme:

Imajući u vidu famoznu Rothschildovu izjavu: "Dajte mi kontrolu nad opskrbom novcem u zemlji, i neće me zabrinjavati tko kroji zakone", nije potrebno biti kvantni fizičar da bi se došlo do zaključka da ispred izdavaoca novca, a u našem slučaju to se odnosi na središnju banku, stoje samo dvije moguće opcije: Služiti ili biti služen. Ako je uloga središnje banke služiti, novac tiska kao vrijednost; ako je svrha postojanja centralne banke biti služen, novac štampa kao dug.
Ova nam crno-bijela perspektiva prenosi enigmu koju političari, znanstvenici i mediji potpuno ignoriraju: ako Zemlja već odavno nije ravna nego okrugla, ako je ukinuto ropstvo, ako nema više Inkvizicije i ako je izvojevana pobjeda nad fašizmom, zašto se onda u konceptu u kojem se novčane jedinice bez ikakve materijalne podloge stvaraju iz ničeg, Ljudi Svijeta, to jest jedini proizvođači stvarnih vrijednosti na ovoj planeti - ne dobivši ništa za uzvrat, protivno svim konvencionalnim mudrostima prihvaćaju zaduživati prema privatnoj instituciji za iznos svog postojećeg novca plus kamate?
I kako to može biti da za razliku od puno pametnijih glava, neke individue bez razreda osnovne škole imaju u malom prstu da živimo u sustavu stvorenom od bankara u korist bankara?

Dan poslije globalne monetarne reforme:

1) Seigniorage je do jučer predstavljao najtajniju i najjaču moć na planeti kojoj su svi robovali. Zakamuflirano iza termina "Razvijene zemlje", jedni su mu nesvjesno robovali 95%, a zakamuflirano iza termina "Zemlje u razvoju", drugi su mu također nesvjesno robovali 99%. Razlika u navedenim procentima proizlazi iz uspješno implementirane stare mudre poslovice po kojoj je trećem, u našem slučaju to se odnosi na "gospodare novca", najlakše profitirati na svađi druge dvojice.
Restart globalnog monetarnog sustava sa sobom donosi neizvjesnost od kritične važnosti: Restart globalnog monetarnog sustava sa sobom donosi neizvjesnost od kritične važnosti: Sjedinjene Američke Države i Engleska na primjer, i Afrika također na primjer, probudile su se u novom danu u istom ruhu u kojem su jučer zaspale ili se netko ipak prisjetio izgladiti skandaloznu pseudo-imperijalističku sramotu što je u ovom i sličnim slučajevima iza sebe ostavila ruševine i milijune mrtvih, a iza koje se u stvarnosti skriva bezobzirna pohlepa monetarih moćnika za totalnom globalnom kontrolom?

2) I dok s jedne strane globalna financijska elita oduvijek kontrolira sveukupnu ponudu novca u svijetu, s druge strane ljudi troše njihov dragocjeni životni vijek na prekomjernu proizvodnju i prekomjernu potrošnje uglavnom nikome potrebnog škarta.
Razne mašine i roboti već učinkovito zamjenjuju ljude obavljajući mnoge proizvodne i dizajnerske aktivnosti, a razvoj tehnologije u tom smislu nezaustavljivo napreduje prema omjeru od 100%.
Hoće li se ljudi nakon restarta globalnog monetarnog sustava, u novom danu probuditi kreativniji i sposobni promijeniti dojučerašnju svrhu vlastitog postojanja u nešto korisnije od činjenja nekoliko zaista bogatih ljudi još bogatijima, i činjenja siromašnih još siromašnijima?


DRUGI DIO

No kako je uopće došlo do toga da su stvorene nacije teško ovisne o nadničkom radu za fiktivni novac, i ljudi navučeni na šoping, farmaceutske proizvode, seksualne fantazije, kič i čitav spektar nepotrebnih ekstravagantnih i pomodnih usluga?
Probajmo na momenat uploviti u ljubavni zagrljaj između banke i države kroz primjer u kojem organizator humanitarne manifestacije treba naručiti 300.000 ulaznica s otisnutom cijenom od 99 dolara. Dvije tiskare su dostavile svoju ponudu. Cijena prva ponude je intrizična vrijednost narudžbe, pet stotina dolara. Iznos kojeg treba platiti za drugu ponudu je sveukupna nominalna cijena 300.000 ulaznica od više milijuna dolara. Neka čudnovata poslovna logika navela je organizatora humanitarne manifestacije ipak izabrati drugu, puno skuplju opciju. Radi li se samo o ekonomiji ili vlade lažu, a banke kradu dok se bogati smiju?
Danas skoro pa i nema više stvari zbog kojih se običan normalni čovjek ne može uhapsiti, sve je postalo zločin. Mreža zarobljavanja kroz zakone i regulacije specifično dizajnirane u svrhu sprečavanja kreativnog djelovanja, nametnuta nam je društveno-ekonomskim sustavom koji je sad potpuno autonoman u odnosu na nas 7 milijardi najinteligentnijih stvorenja na ovom svemirskom tijelu.

Priča vezana za emisionu dobit ili takozvani "seigniorage", ide nekako ovako:

Bila jednom jedna država "Progresija" i u njoj jedan čovjek koji se odlučio prodati par svojih Mustanga. Sklopio je posao s prijateljem koji mu je za jednog konja platio s četiri guske i dvije svinje. Vijest o ponudi se proširila Progresijom i zainteresirala trgovca. On je također kupio jednog Mustanga, a cijenu je platio tako što je u zamjenu dao 30 metara tkanine, 50 kilograma jabuka, komplet čaša i tanjura te zbirku od 5 rijetkih knjiga. I tesaru je bio potreban konj, prodavac je u zamjenu za životinju prihvatio novi namještaj. Na kraju se pojavio i uzvišeni Progresor, on je za jednog Mustanga dao jedan zlatni dukat. Svako je pojedinačno trgovanje obavljeno na pošten način, iako je cijena plaćena različitim stvarima razmjenjene su odgovarajuće protuvrijednosti.

Čovjek koji je prodavao Mustange međutim nije upoznat s činjenicom da je Progresor obavezan proglasiti samo zakonsku odnosno nominalnu vrijednost novca, i da je njegovo pravo prešutjeti intrinzičnu vrijednost platnog sredstva. Ali što ako je Progresorov zlatni dukat umjesto od čistog zlata napravljen pola od zlata a pola od mješavine nekih puno jeftinijih materijala? Na taj način, Progresoru bi se omogućila legalna pljačka od 50% vrijednosti svakog zaključenog posla. Ili još gore, a dovoljno je osvrnuti se kroz povijest, što ako Progresorov pohlepni apetit naraste do te nezamislive mjere da on, ne kršeći nikakav zakon, odluči izdavati zlatni dukat koji u sebi sadrži samo 0,1% tog plemenitog metala? Progresoru bi se tako legalnim izdavanjem krivitvorenog novca otvorila magična vrata svemoći.

U "modernoj" civilizaciji kakvu predstavlja Progresija, svi su ljudi od rođenja samo obična potrošna roba. Izgubljeni u lavirintima demokracije nastoje nekome tko za to uopće ne mari dokazati da vrijede više od bližnjih tržišnih konkurenata. Nitko se ni najmanje ne obazire na spomenutu Progresorovu zakonsku ovlast sticanja ničim limitirane kupovne moći kroz nesmetano izdavanje falsificiranog novca. Na kraju ove kratke poučne priče, Progresor je pokupovao sve što je u zemlji bilo na prodaju, ne samo materijalne vrijednosti već i političke utjecaje. Zatim je na red stigla i imovina stanovništva koja se nije nudila na prodaju, između ostalog kuće, farme, trgovine i radionice... Najhrabriji su se usprotivili takvoj vrsti demokracije, ali je Progresor ogromnoj vojsci što ju je u međuvremenu kupio falsificiranim novcem, obećao nagradu u istim lažnim dukatima po svakom pobunjeničkom skalpu.


TREĆI DIO

Diktatura netransparentnosti - u nastavku slijedi detaljan i precizan opis kontroverznog i problematičnog odnosa "Pojedinac - Zajednica - Novac", i to kroz službeni dokument Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena upućen Vladi Republike Hrvatske.
Stav koji je zauzela, Vlada Republike Hrvatske nije promijenila ni nakon intervencije Agencije za zaštitu osobnih podataka kao neovisnog tijela što provodi nadzor nad provedbom Zakona o pravu na pristup informacijama. Dokument o kojem je ovdje riječ, naslovljen "Vlada I Građani Republike Hrvatske Između Imaginacije, Stvarnosti, Predrasuda I Pretpostavki", lako je adaptirati u pokušaj uspostavljanja komunikacije na temu transparentnost s bilo kojom drugom nacionalnom vladom ili nadnacionalnom institucijom.

1) Da li na hrvatskom zemljopisnom području bilo tko ili bilo što ima pravo polagati pravo na život bilo kog čovjeka (molim imati u vidu da se pitanje striktno odnosi na živog čovjeka od krvi i mesa, a ne na fizičku osobu)?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

2) Što je to što Saboru daje jurisdikciju nad začetim, i kasnije nad rođenim djetetom?

Naime, osim ako dijete bilo ono rođeno ili još nerođeno nije rob, niti jedan drugi entitet mu ne može nametati svoju volju na niti jedan drugi način osim prisilom - nije li tako?


Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

3) Dijete je rođeno, ali to nigdje nije službeno zavedeno. Dva dana kasnije, roditelji su noću, u prolazu, dijete u košari pustili ispred jedne gostionice, a zatim netragom nestali i nikad se više nisu pojavili. Državljanstvo roditelja je nepoznato. Kakav status ima to tek rođeno dijete kad je državljanstvo u pitanju, i koja su njegova prava u tom smislu jednom kad napuni 18 godina?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

4) Kako Sabor stječe jurisdikciju nad strancem (građanin, subjekt ili suveren) koji je kročio na hrvatsko zemljopisno područje?

Naime sve odluke Sabora su u određenim slučajevima samo prividni zakonski autoritet jer zahtjevaju nečiji prethodni dobrovoljni pristanak na njih. Ako ih stranac nije dobrovoljno prihvatio, one su onda ili nametnute silom, ili se samo pretpostavlja da ih je on prihvatio. Koja je od ove dvije mogućnosti ona ispravna, ili to nije nijedna?


Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

5) Osim one Hrvatskog Sabora, postoje li ikakve strane jurisdikcije na hrvatskom zemljopisnom području? Na primjer veleposlanstva i baze stranih vojnih snaga.

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

6) Po zakonu o hrvatskom državljanstvu, hrvatskim državljaninom se smatra osoba koja je to svojstvo stekla po propisima važećim od dana stupanja na snagu tog zakona. Da li je moguće da bilo koja varijacija pravne fikcije - odnosno osobe - poput na primjer tvrtke ili slično, postane hrvatski državljanin? Da li na primjer vlakovi, avioni, automobili, tvrtke ili slično, imaju hrvatsku nacionalnost?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

7) Službenik u MUP-u je zaprimio zahtjev za izdavanjem osobne iskaznice uz kojeg mu je predočen Izvod iz matične knjige rođenih koji glasi (na primjer) na Mirka Mirkovića. MUP je nakon nekog vremena izdao osobnu iskaznicu koja glasi na MIRKA MIRKOVIĆA. Da li će se na uređaju za otkrivanje falsifikata upaliti crveni alarm jer je otkriven pokušaj krivotvorenja nečijeg identiteta? Tko je hrvatski državljanin - Mirko Mirković, MIRKO MIRKOVIĆ, obojica ili ni jedan ni drugi?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

8) Da li je na hrvatskom zemljopisnom području obavezno biti članom društvene zajednice?

Uzmimo na primjer nekoga tko na osnovu postignutih rezultata od osnivanja hrvatske države pa do danas - usred svjetske financijske krize, smatra da je ta društvena zajednica skroz na skroz korumpirana. Da li je za njega moguće legalno biti slobodan, nikome ne činiti zlo, loviti i pecati, živjeti u miru u prirodi i nikoga ne ugrožavati; a biti izuzet od podlijeganja hrvatskim zakonima jer ih odbija prihvatiti?


Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

9) Kako hrvatski državljanin može postati suveren?

Pod suverenim se misli na to da nije državljanin niti jedne zemlje i da ostvaruje svoja i Bogom i prirodom dana prava. Nepostojanje ovakve mogućnosti bi naime značilo da su svi oni koji to žele ostvariti, a ne mogu, ništa drugo nego obični robovi - nije li tako? Biti suveren znači da netko ne mora biti državljaninom ijedne zemlje, iz jednostavnog razloga jer ga je stvorila priroda, a ne država - što se osobito odnosi na Republiku Hrvatsku koja kao takva postoji tek od nedavno. To bi također značilo da je pravna fikcija poput Sabora sama sebi dodjelila pravo na viši autoritet od prirode kroz kojeg onima koji ne pristaju na to da budu kontrolirani, ili prevarom ili na silu nameće svoju volju - nije li tako? Kako se dakle nepostojanje ovakve mogućnosti ne bi moglo tumačiti na niti jedan jedini drugi način nego na onaj da smo svi u stvari robovi u vlasništvu nekoga ili nečega - ako je to slučaj, pitanje se ponavlja - kako hrvatski državljanin može postati suveren?


Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

10) Da li je hrvatski državljanin onaj koji od rođenja živi daleko od civilizacije u planinama na hrvatskom zemljopisnom području, i čije rođenje nikad nije nigdje službeno registrirano? Ako nije, koji je njegov status?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

11) Veoma je iznenađujuća činjenica da jako puno ljudi niti razumije što je novac, niti razumije kako on funkcionira. Postoji li ikakav zakon iz kojeg je jasno i precizno vidljivo da kuna, novčana jedinica Republike Hrvatske, nije samo obični bezvrijedni komad papira već na primjer gram zlata, gram srebra, kilogram pšenice ili neka druga količina bilo kakve materijalne vrijednosti?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

12) Kao i sve druge države na ovom planetu, i Republiku Hrvatsku u ovim teškim trenucima doslovce razjeda javni dug. U financijskom izvješću Hrvatske središnje banke za 2009 godinu, pod obvezama stoji "Novčanice i kovani novac u optjecaju". Ova vrsta obveze je naime jedina vrsta obveze u svijetu za koju nije određen vremenski rok u kojem se treba ispuniti. Po zakonu o Hrvatskoj Narodnoj Banci u kojem stoji "Uvođenje eura kao novčane jedinice", vidljivo je da euro uskoro kao nacionalna valuta stiže i u Hrvatsku. To međutim automatski znači da će dan uvođenja eura u Hrvatsku, za sve one koji u tom trenutku budu posjedovali kune, a ne budu pristali (što je njihovo nepovredivo pravo) na isplatu im originalnog duga nekakvim zamjenskim sredstvom - predstavljati dan naplate obveze Hrvatske središnje banke prema njima.

Da bi prosječni hrvatski državljanin kao dužnik mogao isplatiti 100 kuna javnog duga, ili mora prodati dio vlastite imovine, ili mora odraditi neki posao. Jedan dan prije uvođenja eura u Hrvatsku, on se pojavio u Hrvatskoj Središnjoj Banci i isplatio 100 kuna javnog duga sa 100 kuna zarađenih uloženim radom na kopanju kanala. Dan poslije, kad se u Hrvatskoj središnjoj banci pojavi s novčanicom od 100 kuna, odnosno potvrdom o njihovoj obvezi prema njemu od 100 kuna, iz banke će izaći bogatiji za ono što predstavlja materijalnu garanciju koja stoji iza tog komada papira na kojem je odštampana znamenka 100.

Što će - jasno i precizno, taj prosječni hrvatski državljanin primiti iz ruku službenika Hrvatske središnje banke i time obradovati svoju obitelj? Srebro, broncu, zlato, pšenicu, nešto slično, ili jedno veliko razočaranje u obliku nule?

Prosječni hrvatski državljanin bi eventualno originalnu obvezu Hrvatske središnje banke prema njemu mogao i pristati zamijeniti nekakvom novom. Osim što je papirnata novčanica od 100 eura 10.000 centi, a 10.000 centi 100 eura; što je još 100 eura - jasno, točno i precizno, zakonom utvrđeno i garantirano - u zlatu, srebru, paprikama ili bilo kojoj drugoj materijalnoj vrijednosti?


Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

13) U Republici Hrvatskoj se koristi bankarski sustav poznatiji kao "bankarstvo djelomičnih rezervi", nije li tako? Ako to nije točno, koji je onda sustav u upotrebi?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

14) Kolika je danas obvezna djelomična rezerva?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

15) Ono što se da shvatiti proučavanjem tog sustava je da banke kao rezervu moraju držati samo dio koji nalaže zakon. Na primjer, ako je propisano da je obvezna rezerva 10%, onda banka na osnovu svake kune koju drži u rezervi može nekome posuditi 9 kuna. Je li to točno? Ako nije, po kojim onda pravilima banke nekome posuđuju novac?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

16) Banke čuvaju navedenu rezervu u obliku depozita kod Hrvatske središnje banke. Je li to točno? Ako nije, gdje onda banke drže svoje rezerve?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

17) To znači da ako je položen depozit od 100 kuna, banka može zadržati 10 kuna kao rezervu i nekome posuditi 90 kuna. Je li to točno? Ako nije, koji onda iznos banka nekome može posuditi?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

18) Da li je točno da kroz sustav u pitanju, banka može i zadržati u rezervi svih 100 kuna, i nekome posuditi još 900 kuna?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

19) Bankama je kroz sustav djelomičnih rezervi omogućeno 900 nekome posuđenih kuna iz prehtodnog pitanja jednostavno stvoriti kao obični računovodstveni zapis? Je li to točno? Ako nije, otkuda onda proizlazi iznos od 900 kuna? I da li se tu uopće radi o kunama, ili će se na uređaju za otkrivanje falsifikata upaliti crveni alarm jer je otkriven pokušaj krivotvorenja službene nacionalne valute?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

20) Ako se novac stvara na navedeni način, onda se slobodno može reći da je najveći dio, ako ne i sveukupna količina novca u optjecaju stvorena iz ničeg drugog nego iz običnog poteza olovkom po papiru ili mišem po ekranu računala. Je li to točno?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

21) Ako su gornja razumijevanja načina na koji bankarski sustav funkcionira točna, onda je najveći dio, ako ne i sveukupna količina novca u optjecaju stvorena kao kamatonosni dug prema bankama. No ako banke stvaraju samo glavnicu, otkuda proizlazi novac kojim se moraju platiti kamate?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

22) Ako je istina da se po otplati kredita, novac koji je kroz njih stvoren zatim uništava, onda to znači da banke konstantno moraju drugima posuđivati novac jer bi inače došlo do nestanka novčane ponude. Je li to točno?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

23) Što više banke kreditiraju druge, to je veći sveukupni iznos novca u optjecaju, a samim time i inflacija. Je li to točno?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

24) Ako banke prestanu drugima posuđivati novac, to znači da se količina novca u optjecaju smanjuje i stoga nastupa deflacija. Je li to točno?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

25) Vlada ne stvara novac nego ga posuđuje. Na posuđeni novac treba platiti kamate. Je li to točno?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

26) Porez je način na koji Vlada stvara prihod. Koji postotak od prikupljenog poreza odlazi za isplatu duga i kamata na novac kojeg je Vlada posudila?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

27) Vlada posuđuje sve više novca (kojeg također mora vratiti s kamatama) da bi otplatila kamate na već postojeće dugove. Je li to točno? Ako nije, na koji se onda način otplaćaju kamate?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.

28) Ako je kroz dva prethodna pitanja - razumijevanje načina na koji sustav funkcionira ispravno, onda to znači da po pitanju duga Vlada nikako ne može vratiti i glavnicu i kamate. Također, ako je svrha poreza otplaćivanje navedenih kamatonosnih dugova, onda porez za ljude koji žive u Hrvatskoj ne predstavlja ništa drugo nego jednu vrstu ropstva. Nije li to točno?

Predsjednica Jadranka Kosor ispred Vlade Republike Hrvatske: Odgovor na pitanje se ne može smatrati informacijom, odbija se Zahtjev Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena za ostvarivanje prava na pristup informacijama.






ČETVRTI DIO

Već Postojeće Društveno-Ekonomske Alternative.

Sustav za procjenu i razmjenu vrijednosti pod nazivom "Sustav Alternativne Valute Crom", specifičan je po tome što temeljen na principu "Slobodne Valute - Slobodna Tržišta - Slobodni Ljudi - Slobodni Planet", u odnosu na ključna pitanja 'što je uopće vrijednost' i 'kome pripada pravo tog definiranja', ne nameće sudionicima administrativni monopol na odabir platnog sredstva odnosno sredstva za razmjenu, već maksimalno korektno svakom članu omogućuje poslovati i trgovati kroz bilo koje zakonsko i alternativno sredstvo plaćanja ili sredstvo razmjene po njegovom slobodnom vlastitom izboru. Unutar sustava kao univerzalna, ali neobavezna opcija platnog sredstva cirkulira Crom Alternativna Valuta - kombinacija fiksne količine pet plemenitih metala. Za razliku od službenog monetarnog sustava putem kojeg se na mističan način odvija transfer stvarnog bogatstva iz ruku radne populacije zaraćene same sa sobom u ruke elitne nekolicine, Crom predstavlja pošten i održiv model kooperativne ekonomije; za razliku od lokalnih valutnih sustava, rješavanju novčanog problema ne pristupa nametanjem teritorijalnih limita i otvaranjem novih mogućnosti za izbijanje brojnih budućih valutnih ratova, već je jednako dobro primjenjiv i na lokalnom i na globalnom nivou; a za razliku od komplementarnih valutnih sustava, nije dodatak nacionalnoj valuti nego kao prava zamjena za konvencionalni novac umjesto privremenog ublažavanja zubobolje aspirinima pruža opciju trajnog otklanjanja bolesti odlaskom kod zubara.

Sustav Alternativne Valute Crom začet je 2007 godine kao inovacija koja uvijek teži prema što većoj fleksibilnosti, a ideja koju je inicijalno osmislio Đurić Aljoša iz Pule, od 2009 se razvija kroz upravo u tu svrhu formiranu Udrugu Crom Alternativna Razmjena.

Vrijednost Alternativne Valute Crom je umjesto u financijskim, izražena u stvarnim terminima. Crom Alternativna Valuta predstavlja kombinaciju fiksne količine 5 plemenitih metala, a ne cijenu tih metala izraženu u nekoj nacionalnoj ili valuti bilo koje druge vrste.

Sustav nudi mogućnost podizanja beskamatnih kredita u alternativnoj valuti, te zamjenu konvencionalnog novca u alternativnu valutu i obratno. Budući da je izdavanje valute bazirano na ekvivalentnom odnosu sa stvarnim vrijednostima, novčana ponuda je uvijek kompaktibilna s realnom potražnjom novca, pa su time uklonjeni rizici od špekulacije, inflacije i deflacije. Količina novca u Sustavu Alternativne Valute Crom, regulira se kroz oba gore spomenuta alata kojima se Crom Alternativna Valuta izdaje u postojanje: Crom Beskamatni Kredit se odobrava samo na osnovu postojećih ili budućih vrijednosti stvarnog karaktera ponuđenih kao kolateral za kredit, a u Mjenjačnici Novca, euro i dolar su zamjenjivi u crom samo dotle dok se za njih mogu kupiti plemeniti metali.

Konfiguriranjem mehanizma za izdavanje i distribuciju novca na ovaj način, skupa s valutom pokrivenom 100%, zadovoljeni su svi esencijalni prerekviziti za dugotrajno stabilno i održivo funkcioniranje Sustava Alternativne Valute Crom. S obzirom na to da novčani sustav u ekonomiji neke zajednice ne bi trebao remetiti ravnotežu između razine proizvodnje i realne potrebe za potrošnjom, ili bolje rečeno, kako novčani sustav ne smije biti smetnja za obustavu pretjerane proizvodnje, kroz inovativni način funkcioniranja ovog alternativnog ekonomskog modela u kojem je novčana ponuda optimalno regulirana tako da podržava racionalni odnos između proizvodnje i potrošnje, eliminirana je abnormalna potreba za konstantnom kreditnom ekspanzijom i stalnim porastom društvenog bruto proizvoda.

Udruga Crom Alternativna Razmjena, tijelo koje administrira rad ovog sustava za procjenu i razmjenu vrijednosti što kao nedjeljiva cjelina ravnopravno pripada svim članovima zajednice, trenutno je u potrazi za partnerom s kojim će se ostvariti suradnja na način da će se u procesu zamjene dolara i eura omogućiti automatska kupnja plemenitih metala sadržanih u definiciji Crom Alternativne Valute.

Alternativna Valuta Crom izdaje se u elektroničkom obliku, pa je mana i ovog sustava ta što trgovati kroz njega mogu samo registrirani sudionici. No prvi oblik papirnatog platnog sredstva "Crom Tranzicijski Ček" koji je upravo ugledao svjetlo dana, iako još uvijek namijenjen samo registriranim članovima, optimistična je i obećavajuća najava da će se i planirane papirnate novčanice uskoro pojaviti na ulicama gradova i sela.

U budući razvoj sustava, uključena je pod jedan namjera da se u definiciju Crom Alternativne Valute ubace i commodities poput energije i hrane, te pod dva, da se još bolje pristupi problemu centraliziranog novca na način da osim već postojećih mehanizama, sudionici postanu sposobni jednostavno kreditirati jedni druge - time će se omogućiti stvaranje novca u postojanje direktnom potrošnjom, odnosno zidar će postati izdavalac novca kroz direktno kreditiranje mušterija svojim uslugama.


PETI DIO

Diskusija:

"Upoznaj novog šefa, isto je ko i stari šef, nećemo se opet dati prevariti" nije samo revolucionarna pjesma legendarne rock grupe "The Who". Udruga Crom Alternativna Razmjena ne odustaje od svojih principa, svima se mora omogućiti sudjelovanje u reformi globalnog monetarnog sustava i radu na implementaciji društvene transformacije.
Iz tih razloga, ovaj materijal je objavljen unaprijed i otvoren za diskusiju svakome tko na temu "Globalna monetarna reforma i transformacija društva" poželi reći svoju riječ. Na taj način, smisao skore konferencije u Splitu poprima mnogo dublji značaj.

Engleska Verzija
Global Monetary Reform And The Transformation Of Society

Talijanska Verzija
Riforma Monetaria Globale E La Trasformazione Della Società


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Ekonomija Sat, 12 May 2012 12:30:40 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/28-ekonomija/2457-globalna-monetarna-reforma-i-transformacija-drutva#2457
Naslov: Riforma Monetaria Globale E La Trasformazione Della Società - od: administrator http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/49-economia/2456-riforma-monetaria-globale-e-la-trasformazione-della-societa#2456 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/49-economia/2456-riforma-monetaria-globale-e-la-trasformazione-della-societa#2456 - PRIMA CONFERENZA INTERNAZIONALE SULLA TRASFORMAZIONE SOCIALE -

PERCEZIONE DELLA PROBLEMATICA SOCIO-ECONOMICA E VISIONE DI RIFORMA MONETARIA GLOBALE


Materiale preparato da Aljosa Duric - libero pensatore e ricercatore indipendente, fondatore del sistema alternativo di stima del valore e dello scambio "Sistema Di Moneta Alternativa Crom", e co-fondatore e primo presidente della ONG "Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo".

http://cromalternativemoney.org
association[at]cromalternativemoney.org





INTRODUZIONE

"Il debito è una vera forma di schiavitù, e il sistema di usura è la causa principale dello scoppio delle guerre nel corso della storia. Fino a che non sai chi ha prestato a chi quanto di che cosa, non sai nulla di politica, non sai nulla della storia e non sai niente di conflitti internazionali", affermava Ezra Pound in un passato non così lontano. In un'occasione, il filosofo tedesco Johann von Goethe disse che gli schiavi più felici sono coloro che erroneamente credono di essere liberi senza esserlo. Francamente parlando, in una società basata esclusivamente sul denaro e assolutamente dipendente dal denaro, come può uno capire qualsiasi cosa senza prima capire che cos'è il denaro?


PARTE I

In sostanza, tutta la sempre più evidente e indispensabile necessità di una riforma monetaria globale può essere compresa semplicemente e facilmente attraverso lo scenario "Giorno prima e Giorno dopo".

Il Giorno prima della riforma monetaria globale:

Avendo in mente la famosa dichiarazione di Rothschild: "Datemi il controllo dell'offerta di moneta di una nazione e non dovrò preoccuparmi di chi scrive le sue leggi", non è necessario essere un fisico quantistico per giungere alla conclusione che di fronte all'emittente di moneta, nel nostro caso si riferisce alla banca centrale, ci sono solo due possibili scelte: Servire o essere serviti.
Questa prospettiva in bianco e nero ci trasmette un enigma che i politici, scienziati e media ignorano completamente: se la Terra non è più piatta, se la schiavitù fu abolita, se non c'è più l'Inquisizione e la vittoria sul fascismo è stata raggiunta, allora perché nel concetto in cui il denaro senza alcuna copertura materiale viene creato dal nulla, la Gente del Mondo - cioè l'unico produttore di valori reali su questo pianeta - contrariamente a tutta la saggezza convenzionale e senza ricevere niente in cambio, accetta di indebitarsi verso istituzioni private per l'importo di tutto il denaro esistente più interessi?
E come può essere che, a differenza dei cervelli più intelligenti, alcuni individui senza neanche aver finito la scuola elementare si rendono conto che viviamo in un sistema creato dai banchieri a favore dei banchieri?

Il Giorno dopo la riforma monetaria globale:

1) Fino a ieri, il signoraggio rappresentava il potere più segreto e più grande del pianeta di cui eravamo tutti schiavi. Camuffato dietro al termine "Paesi sviluppati", alcuni lo servivano inconsciamente come schiavi al 95%; e camuffato dietro al termine "Paesi in via di sviluppo", anche gli altri lo servivano inconsciamente come schiavi, ma al 99%. La differenza tra le percentuali deriva dal vecchio saggio proverbio che il terzo, nel nostro caso ci si riferisce ai "padroni del denaro", otterrà sempre facilmente un profitto dal litigio tra gli altri due.
Il riavvio del sistema monetario globale porta con sé incertezza di importanza critica: gli Stati Uniti e il Regno Unito, per esempio, e anche l'Africa, ad esempio, si sono svegliati nel nuovo giorno nello stesso abbigliamento in cui si addormentarono ieri, o qualcuno si è ricordato di rimediare alla scandalosa pseudo-imperialistica vergogna che in questo e in casi simili ha lasciato dietro di sé rovine e milioni di morti, dietro cui in realtà si nasconde l'avidità senza scrupoli del gruppo dei strapotenti monetaristi verso il controllo globale e totale?

2) Da un lato l'élite finanziaria globale ha sempre controllato l'offerta complessiva di denaro nel mondo, e dall'altro lato la gente spende la propria preziosa vita nell'eccessiva produzione e nell'eccessivo consumo di prodotti di scarto di cui quasi nessuno ha bisogno.
Diversi macchinari e robot già efficacemente sostituiscono gli uomini svolgendo numerose attività di produzione e di design, e in questo senso lo sviluppo tecnologico sta avanzando verso un rapporto vicino al 100%.
Dopo il riavvio del sistema monetario globale, la gente si sveglierà nel nuovo giorno più creativa e in grado di cambiare lo scopo della propria esistenza in qualcosa di più utile dall'arricchire ancora di più quei pochi veramente ricchi, e impoverire ancora di più i poveri?


PARTE II

Innanzitutto, come è potuto accadere che sono state create le nazioni pesantemente dipendenti dal lavoro salariato per denaro fittizio, da shopping, da prodotti farmaceutici e fantasiosi, da kitsch e da una vasta gamma di inutili servizi stravaganti e bizzarri?
Proviamo per un momento ad entrare nel abbraccio amoroso tra la banca e lo Stato attraverso un esempio in cui l'organizzatore della manifestazione di beneficenza deve ordinare 300.000 biglietti, ciascuno con un prezzo stampato di 99 dollari. Due tipografie hanno presentato la loro offerta. Prezzo della prima offerta è il valore intrinseco dell'ordine di cinquecento dollari. L'importo da pagare per la seconda offerta è il prezzo nominale complessivo dei 300.000 biglietti, vale a dire trenta milioni di dollari. Una strana logica di business ha portato gli organizzatori dell'evento di beneficenza a scegliere la seconda opzione, quella molto più costosa. Si tratta solo di economia, o i governi mentono e le banche rubano mentre i ricchi continuano a ridere?
Oggi quasi nulla è rimasto, per il quale un uomo comune non possa essere arrestato, tutto è diventato un crimine. E' una rete di imprigionamento attraverso le leggi e i regolamenti specificamente progettati per impedire le attività creative, che ci è stata imposta con un sistema socio-economico ora diventato completamente autonomo in relazione a noi, i 7 miliardi di creature più intelligenti su questo corpo cosmico.

La storia relativa al guadagno sull'emissione della moneta, il cosiddetto "signoraggio", va più o meno così:

C'era una volta uno stato "Progressia" in cui un uomo ha deciso di vendere alcuni dei suoi Mustang. Un bel giorno conclude l'affare con un amico che ha pagato un cavallo con quattro oche e due maiali. La notizia dell'offerta si sparge attraverso tutta Progressia. Un mercante sempre interessato agli affari ha anche comprato un Mustang, il prezzo è pagato dando in cambio 30 metri di tessuto, 50 chili di mele, un set di piatti e tazze più la collezione di cinque rari libri. Dopo poco arriva il falegname, anche lui ha bisogno di un cavallo. In cambio di animale, il venditore ha accettato mobili nuovi. Infine appare il maestoso Progressore che ha comprato un Mustang con una moneta d'oro. Ogni singola compravendita è stata effettuata in modo onesto, anche se lo stesso prezzo era pagato con cose diverse, sono stati scambiati i contro-valori equivalenti.

Tuttavia, l'uomo che ha venduto Mustangs non è a conoscenza né del fatto che il Progressore è tenuto a dichiarare solo il valore legale del denaro, cioè solo il valore nominale, né del diritto del Progressore di omettere il valore intrinseco del suo mezzo di pagamento. Però cosa succede se la moneta d'oro del Progressore è fatta solo la metà di oro, e l'altra metà dalla miscela di materiali molto meno costosi? In tal modo, al Progressore sarebbe consentita una rapina legale del 50% del valore di ciascun affare stipulato. O, peggio ancora, e basta voltarsi indietro nella storia, cosa succede se l'avido appetito del Progressore crescerà a tale impensabile misura che lui, senza violare alcuna legge, decide di emettere una moneta d'oro che contiene solo lo 0,1% di questo metallo prezioso? Mediante legale emissione di denaro contraffatto, al Progressore si aprirebbe la magica porta dell'onnipotenza.

Nella civiltà "moderna" rappresentata da Progressia, tutta la gente è dalla nascita solo una merce di consumo. Persi nei labirinti della democrazia, in stragrande maggioranza gli uomini cercano di dimostrare a qualcuno che di questo non gliene importa proprio niente, che valgono più dei loro concorrenti sul mercato. Nessuno dà neanche la minima attenzione al sopra menzionato potere legale del Progressore di acquisire un potere d'acquisto illimitato attraverso l'emissione indisturbata di denaro falso. Alla fine di questa breve storia istruttiva, il Progressore ha comprato tutto ciò che era in vendita, non solo i valori materiali, ma anche influenza politica. Poi venne il turno delle proprietà della popolazione non messa in vendita, case, fattorie, negozi e officine inclusi. I più coraggiosi si oppongono a questo tipo di democrazia, ma il Progressore ha promesso al suo enorme esercito, nel frattempo acquistato con il denaro falso, di premiare per ogni scalpo ribelle con le stesse monete finte.


PARTE III

Dittatura di non-trasparenza: quello che segue è una descrizione dettagliata e precisa del controverso e problematico rapporto "Individuo - Comunità - Denaro" attraverso un documento ufficiale dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo inviato al Governo Croato.
Governo Croato non ha cambiato il proprio atteggiamento neanche dopo l'intervento dell'Agenzia croata per la protezione dei dati personali che, come ente indipendente sorveglia l'attuazione della Legge sul diritto di accesso all'informazione. Il documento in questione qui titolato "Croazia: Governo E Cittadini Tra Fantasia, Realtà, I Pregiudizi E Le Assunzioni", può essere facilmente adattato per il tentativo di stabilire la comunicazione sul tema della trasparenza con qualsiasi altro governo nazionale o istituzione sovranazionale.

1) Nell'area geografica croata, esiste qualcuno o qualcosa che ha il diritto ad appropriarsi del diritto degli altri uomini alla vita (per favore tenere in mente che questa domanda è strettamente legata all'uomo vivente di carne e sangue, e non a persona fisica)?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

2) Che cos'è che conferisce giurisdizione al Parlamento sul bambino una volta concepito, e dopo sul bambino neonato?

In effetti, a meno che il bambino non ancora nato o quello già nato non sia schiavo, nessun altra entità può imporgli la sua volontà in nessun altro modo eccetto coercizione - vero o no?


A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

3) Un bambino è nato, ma la nascita non è ancora ufficialmente registrata da nessuna parte. Dopo due notti, i genitori abbandonano il bambino in un cesto davanti a una taverna, poi scompaiono e non si sono mai piu' visti. Cittadinanza dei genitori è sconosciuta. Qual'è lo status del neonato quando si tratta di cittadinanza, e quali sono i suoi diritti in questo senso una volta raggiunto i 18 anni di età?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

4) Come il Parlamento acquisisce giurisdizione su uno straniero che è entrato nell'area geografica croata, indipendentemente dal fatto se lo straniero è un cittadino, sovrano o soggetto?

Infatti, tutte le decisioni del Parlamento in alcuni casi solo apparentemente rappresentano l'autorità legale, perché in primo luogo il previo consenso volontario di qualcuno è richiesto. Se lo straniero non ha liberamente e volontariamente acconsentito alle decisioni del Parlamento, significa o che sono imposte con la forza, o che il consenso si può solo supporre. Quale di queste due possibilità è corretta, se alcuna?


A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

5) Oltre a quella del Parlamento Croato, esistono altre giurisdizioni straniere nell'area geografica croata? Ad esempio, le ambasciate e basi militari straniere?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

6) Secondo la Legge sulla cittadinanza croata, il cittadino croato è considerata la persona che ha acquisito questo status ai sensi delle normative valide a partire dalla data di entrata in vigore di tale legge. È possibile per una qualsiasi variazione di una finzione giuridica - vale a dire per persona - come ad esempio aziende o simili, di diventare un cittadino croato? Inoltre, i aerei, treni, automobili, imprese e simili, hanno una nazionalità croata?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

7) Un ufficiale del Ministero dell'Interno della Repubblica di Croazia ha ricevuto una richiesta per il rilascio della carta d'identità, con la quale è stato presentato anche il Certificato di nascita di, per esempio, Mirko Mirkovic. Dopo un po', il Ministero degli Affari Interni Croato ha emesso un documento di identità a nome di MIRKO MIRKOVIC stampato su di esso in tutte le lettere maiuscole. Il dispositivo per il rilevamento di falsi inizierà a lampeggiare e suonare perché è stato scoperto un tentativo di contraffare l'identità di qualcuno? Chi è un cittadino croato - Mirko Mirkovic, MIRKO MIRKOVIC, entrambi o né l'uno né l'altro?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

8) E 'obbligatorio essere un membro della società nell'area geografica croata?

Prendiamo ad esempio qualcuno che nel bel mezzo della crisi finanziaria mondiale, sulla base dei risultati raggiunti dall'fondazione dello Stato croato fino ad oggi, ritiene che tale comunità è completamente corrotta. E 'possibile per lui, non minacciando a nessuno e non ferrendo nessuno, di essere legalmente libero, cacciare, pescare e vivere in pace nella natura senza essere soggetto alle leggi croate perché si rifiuta di accettarle?


A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

9) Come un cittadino croato può diventare sovrano?

Sovrano nel senso di non essere cittadino di nessun paese e di esercitare i suoi diritti dati glieli da Dio e dalla Natura. L'assenza di questa possibilità significherebbe, infatti, che tutti coloro che vorrebbero ma non possono raggiungere tale status, non sono altro che schiavi ordinari - corretto o no? Essere sovrani significa che qualcuno non deve per forza essere un cittadino di qualche paese, per la semplice ragione che è stato creato dalla natura, non dallo Stato - questo fatto in particolare riguarda il caso della Repubblica di Croazia che come tale esiste solo di recente. Questo significherebbe anche che la finzione giuridica come il Parlamento da solo ha conferito a se stesso il potere di un'autorità superiore a quella della natura, attraverso il quale con l'inganno o con la forza sta imponendo propria volontà a tutti coloro che non acconsentono di essere controllati - giusto o no? Siccome l'assenza di questa possibilità non potrebbe essere interpretata in altro modo da quello in cui siamo tutti schiavi di proprietà di qualcuno o qualcosa - in tal caso, la domanda si ripete - come un cittadino croato può diventare sovrano?


A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

10) Il cittadino croato è colui che dalla nascita vive lontano dalla civiltà in montagne nell'area geografica croata, e la cui nascita non è mai stata ufficialmente registrata da nessuna parte? Se la risposta è negativa, qual è allora il suo status?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

11) È un fatto molto sorprendente che così tanta gente non capisce né cosa sia il denaro, né come il denaro funziona. C'è qualche legge da cui è chiaramente e precisamente visibile che kuna, l'unità monetaria croata, non è solo un pezzo di carta straccia senza alcun valore ma per esempio qualche grammo d'oro, grammo d'argento, chilo di grano o qualche altra quantità di qualsiasi valore materiale?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

12) Come tutti gli altri paesi di questo pianeta, anche Repubblica di Croazia è in questi momenti difficili letteralmente divorata dal debito pubblico. Nel rendiconto finanziario della Banca centrale croata per il 2009, le banconote e le monete in circolazione sono classificate tra le passività. Questo tipo di obbligo è infatti l'unico tipo di obbligo al mondo per il quale non è specificata la data di scadenza per adempiere. Nella Legge sulla Banca Nazionale Croata c'è una parte chiamata "L'introduzione dell'euro come moneta ufficiale", per cui è chiaramente visibile che l'euro arriverà presto in Croazia come moneta ufficiale nazionale. Tuttavia, ciò automaticamente significa che il giorno dell'introduzione dell'euro come moneta legale in Croazia, per tutti coloro che in quel momento saranno in possesso di kune e che non accetteranno (che è il loro diritto inviolabile) il rimborso del debito originale con qualche mezzo di pagamento sostitutivo - rappresenterà per la Banca centrale croata il giorno di scadenza del termine per pagare tutti i suoi obblighi nei loro confronti.

Se come debitore un cittadino medio croato vuole ripagare l'importo di 100 kune del debito pubblico nazionale, o deve vendere una parte della sua proprietà, o questi soldi li può ottenere lavorando. Un giorno prima dell'introduzione della moneta euro in Croazia, lui è arrivato nella Banca centrale croata e ha pagato una parte del debito pubblico con 100 kune guadagnate con il duro lavoro scavando canali. Il giorno dopo è tornato di nuovo alla Banca centrale croata con una banconota da 100 kune, vale a dire con il certificato del loro obbligo verso di lui. Egli uscirà dalla banca più ricco per ciò che rappresenta la garanzia materiale che sta dietro quel pezzo di carta su cui viene stampata la cifra 100.

Con che cosa, chiaro e preciso, che riceverà dalle mani dei funzionari della Banca Nazionale Croata, questo cittadino medio croato porterà gioia alla propria famiglia? Argento, bronzo, oro, grano, qualcosa di simile, o una grande delusione sotto forma di zero?

Il cittadino medio croato potrebbe eventualmente anche accettare la sostituzione dell'originale obbligo della Banca centrale croata verso di lui con uno nuovo. Oltre al fatto che una banconota cartacea di 100 euro è 10.000 centesimi, e che 10.000 centesimi sono 100 euro, cos'altro sono i 100 euro - chiaro, preciso, definito con la legge e garantito - in oro, argento, peperoni o qualsiasi altro valore materiale?


A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

13) Nella Repubblica di Croazia è in uso il sistema bancario noto come "sistema bancario a riserva frazionaria" - vero o no? Se questo non è vero, allora quale sistema è in uso?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

14) Quanta è oggi la riserva frazionaria obbligatoria?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

15) Quello che può essere compreso studiando il sistema menzionato è che le banche devono tenere come riserva solo la frazione richiesta dalla legge. Per esempio, se la riserva frazionaria obbligatoria è del 10%, allora sulla base di ogni kuna tenuta come riserva la banca può prestare a qualcuno 9 kune. Corretto? Se no, allora secondo quali regole le banche prestano soldi a terzi?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

16) Le Banche tengono tali riserve di moneta sotto forma di deposito presso la Banca centrale croata. Corretto? In caso contrario, dove le banche detengono le proprie riserve di moneta?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

17) Ciò significa che se un deposito di 100 kuna è stato fatto, la banca può tenere 10 kune come riserva e concedere il prestito di 90 kune a qualcuno. Corretto? Se no, qual è l'importo esatto che la banca in questo caso può prestare a qualcuno?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

18) È vero o no che attraverso il sistema in questione, la banca può trattenere in riserva tutte le 100 kune e concedere il prestito di altre 900 kune a qualcuno?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

19) Attraverso il sistema di riserva frazionaria, alle banche è consentito di creare le sopra menzionate 900 kune prestate a qualcuno, come semplice scrittura contabile? Corretto? Se no, allora da dove deriva l'importo di 900 kune? Inoltre, qui si tratta di kune vere, o il dispositivo per il rilevamento di falsi inizierà a lampeggiare e suonare perché è stato scoperto un tentativo di falsificare ufficiale moneta nazionale?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

20) Se il denaro viene creato in modo descritto, allora si può dire liberamente che la maggior parte o forse anche l'importo complessivo di denaro in circolazione è stato creato dal nient'altro che dall'azione con penna sulla carta o dall'azione con maus sullo schermo del computer. Corretto?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

21) Se la comprensione come sopra di come il sistema bancario funziona è corretta, allora la maggior parte o forse anche l'importo complessivo di denaro in circolazione è stato creato come un debito fruttifero di interesse che deve essere rimborsato alle banche. Ma se le banche creano solo il capitale, allora da dove proviene il denaro con il quale gli interessi dovrebbero essere pagati?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

22) Se è vero che con il rimborso del prestiti, il denaro che è stato creato attraverso di essi viene distrutto, allora questo significa che le banche devono sempre continuare a prestare denaro, perché altrimenti si verificherebbe la scomparsa dell'offerta di moneta. Corretto?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

23) Più prestiti banche concedono a terzi, maggiore diventa la quantità complessiva di denaro in circolazione, e quindi inflazione. Corretto?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

24) Se le banche smettono di prestare denaro ad altri, significa che la quantità di moneta in circolazione diminuisce, e quindi si verifica la deflazione. Corretto?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

25) Il governo non crea denaro, ma lo prende in prestito. Governo deve pagare gli interessi sul denaro preso in prestito. Vero?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

26) La tassazione è una fonte di reddito per il governo. Quale percentuale delle tasse riscosse va per pagare i debiti e gli interessi sul denaro preso in prestito dal governo?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

27) Il governo prende in prestito sempre più denaro gravato di interessi per rimborsare gli interessi sui debiti esistenti. Vero? Se no, allora in quale modo vengono ripagati gli interessi?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.

28) Se attraverso precedenti due domande la comprensione di come funziona il sistema è corretto, allora questo significa che non esiste il modo in cui il governo può ripagare sia capitale sia interessi. Inoltre, se lo scopo della tassazione è ripagare i menzionati debiti fruttiferi di interesse, allora la tassazione per la gente che vive in Croazia non è altro che una forma di schiavitù. Giusto?

A nome del Governo della Repubblica della Croazia, risponde il Presidente Jadranka Kosor: La risposta alla domanda non può essere considerata informazione, richiesta dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo di esercitare il proprio diritto di accesso all'informazione è rifiutata.






PARTE IV

Alternative Socio-Economiche Già Esistenti.

Il sistema di stima del valore e dello scambio "Sistema Di Moneta Alternativa Crom", specifico in quanto basato sul principio di "Libere Monete - Liberi Mercati - Libera Gente - Libero Pianeta", in relazione a questioni fondamentali 'cos'è il valore' e 'a chi appartiene il diritto di definire il valore', non impone ai partecipanti il monopolio amministrativo sulla scelta del mezzo di pagamento o mezzo di scambio, ma massimamente corretto a ciascun membro consente di fare affari e commerciare attraverso qualsiasi tipo di mezzo di pagamento legale e alternativo o mezzo di scambio che egli preferisce. All'interno del sistema come universale, quale mezzo di pagamento opzionale e non obbligatorio circola Crom Moneta Alternativa - una combinazione di una quantità fissa di cinque metalli preziosi. A differenza del sistema monetario ufficiale tramite il quale in un mistico modo si svolge trasferimento di ricchezza reale dalle mani della popolazione in guerra con se stessi, nelle mani di una élite di pochi, Crom rappresenta un modello di economia cooperativa onesto e sostenibile; a differenza dei sistemi di monete locali, invece di approcciare il problema del denaro imponendo limiti territoriali e aprendo nuove possibilità allo scoppio di numerose future guerre monetarie, Crom è ugualmente ben applicabile sia a livello locale che a livello globale; e a differenza dei sistemi di monete complementari, Crom non è un supplemento alla moneta nazionale, ma come una reale alternativa al denaro convenzionale piuttosto che ridurre temporaneamente il mal di denti con aspirine offre l'opzione di rimozione permanente della malattia andando dal dentista.

Sistema Di Moneta Alternativa Crom è stato lanciato nel 2007 come una innovazione che tende sempre verso una maggiore flessibilità. L'idea inizialmente concepita da Duric Aljosa da Pola è dal 2009 continuamente sviluppata attraverso l'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo costituita proprio per tale scopo.

Il valore della Moneta Alternativa Crom è, invece che in termini finanziari, espressa in termini reali. Crom Moneta Alternativa rappresenta una combinazione di una quantità fissa di cinque metalli preziosi, piuttosto che il prezzo di questi metalli espressi in qualche valuta nazionale o qualsiasi altro tipo di moneta.

Il sistema offre la possibilità di prendere il mutuo senza interessi in moneta alternativa, e anche lo scambio di denaro convenzionale in moneta alternativa e viceversa. Dato che l'emissione di moneta è basata sul rapporto equivalente con i valori reali, l'offerta di moneta è sempre compatibile con la domanda reale di moneta, quindi sono eliminati rischi di speculazione, inflazione e deflazione. La quantità di denaro nel Sistema Di Moneta Alternativa Crom è regolata da entrambi i sopra menzionati strumenti attraverso i quali Crom Moneta Alternativa viene messa in esistenza: Crom Mutuo Senza Interessi viene approvato solo sulla base di valori esistenti o futuri di carattere reale offerti come garanzia collaterale per mutuo, e nel Cambio Valute, l'euro e il dollaro sono cambiabili in crom solo nella misura in cui possono comprare i metalli preziosi.

Configurando il meccanismo per l'emissione e la distribuzione di denaro in questo modo, insieme ad una moneta coperta al 100%, tutti i prerequisiti essenziali per il funzionamento stabile e sostenibile a lungo termine del Sistema Di Moneta Alternativa Crom, sono stati soddisfatti.
Dato che il sistema monetario nell'economia di una comunità non dovrebbe alterare l'equilibrio tra livello di produzione e bisogno reale di consumo, o per meglio dire, in quanto il sistema monetario non deve essere una barriera per l'interruzione della produzione eccessiva, attraverso il modo innovativo di funzionamento di questo modello economico alternativo in cui l'offerta di moneta è regolata in modo ottimale così che supporta un rapporto razionale tra produzione e consumo, è stata eliminata l'anormale necessità sia della costante espansione del credito, sia del continuo aumento del prodotto interno lordo.

Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo - l'ente che amministra il funzionamento di questo sistema di stima del valore e dello scambio che come un insieme indivisibile appartiene ugualmente a tutti i membri della comunità, è attualmente alla ricerca di un partner con il quale realizzare cooperazione nel modo che permetterà l'acquisto automatico dei metalli preziosi contenuti nella definizione di Crom Moneta Alternativa con i dollari ed euro cambiati.

Crom Moneta Alternativa è emessa in forma elettronica, e lo svantaggio di questo sistema è che permette di commerciare attraverso di esso solo ai partecipanti iscritti. Ma il primo mezzo di pagamento in forma cartacea "Crom Assegno Di Transizione" - appena venuto alla luce, anche se ancora destinato solo per i membri registrati, è un annuncio ottimista e promettente che le pianificate banconote cartacee compariranno presto sulle strade delle città e dei villaggi.

Il futuro sviluppo del sistema comprende l'intenzione di inserire altre commodities come l'energia e il cibo nella definizione di Crom Moneta Alternativa, e l'approccio ancora migliore al problema del denaro centralizzato in un modo che oltre ai meccanismi esistenti, tramite funzione "prestiti dai membri a membri" partecipanti diventano in grado di finanziarsi facilmente l'un l'altro a vicenda. Ciò consentirà le creazione di moneta nell'esistenza attraverso il consumo diretto, o in altre parole, un muratore diventerà l'emittente di denaro accreditando direttamente i clienti con i suoi servizi.


PARTE V

Discussione:

"Incontra il tuo nuovo capo, è uguale a quello vecchio, non ci facciamo fregare di nuovo" non è solo la canzone rivoluzionaria del leggendario gruppo rock "The Who". L'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo non rinuncia ai suoi principi, a tutti deve essere consentito di partecipare alla riforma globale del sistema monetario e nel lavoro di implementazione della trasformazione sociale.
Per tali ragioni, questo materiale è pubblicato in anticipo ed aperto per il dibattito a chiunque sul tema "Riforma monetaria globale e la trasformazione della società" vuole dire la sua parola. In questo modo, il significato della prossima conferenza a Spalato diventa molto più profondo.

Versione Inglese
Global Monetary Reform And The Transformation Of Society

Versione Serbo-Croata
Globalna Monetarna Reforma I Transformacija Društva


]]>
Economia Sat, 12 May 2012 12:28:10 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/49-economia/2456-riforma-monetaria-globale-e-la-trasformazione-della-societa#2456
Naslov: The Global Banking Giant HSBC Is A Criminal Enterprise - od: interceptor http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2451-the-global-banking-giant-hsbc-is-a-criminal-enterprise#2451 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2451-the-global-banking-giant-hsbc-is-a-criminal-enterprise#2451 The Global Banking Giant HSBC Is A Criminal Enterprise

09 May 2012, By Jerome R. Corsi

VIDEO

The global banking giant HSBC is a “criminal” operation, charges a former officer for the company’s southern New York region in a video interview with WND.
John Cruz, a former vice president and relationship manager, has turned over to WND more than 1,000 pages of documents, including customer account ledgers for dozens of companies through which, he charges, the financial institution was laundering money each month.

“I pulled these documents because I thought they were evidence of suspicious activity taking place,” Cruz affirmed when presented by WND with various HSBC computer ledgers of customer accounts. “These same documents I brought to bank security and my managers in the bank.”Cruz told WND that as a relationship manager, it was his responsibility to look up various accounts in the HSBC computer system and visit the account holders in person to offer additional banking products and services.

To his surprise, HSBC management and security did not welcome his reports of suspicious activity.

“My managers told me I was crazy and I didn’t know what I was talking about,” he said. “They told me it was none of my business what goes on in transactions. But that’s my job.”

WND showed Cruz the HSBC account ledger for a business named United Express, as seen redacted in Exhibit 1 below:




Exhibit A: United Express account ledger

“It was supposed to be a shipping company that does over $2 million a year in transactions,” Cruz said, recognizing the HSBC computer-generated account ledger. “But the ledger shows millions and millions of dollars in transaction, but the transactions are all through PayPal and American Express.”

Cruz also described his visit to see the company in person.

“There were two employees on site that didn’t speak English,” he recalled. “The only evidence of any packaging being done was a couple of small boxes in the corner.”

Suspicious activity

WND presented Cruz Exhibit B, showing a redacted HSBC account ledger for a company with over $1.34 million in deposits and $1.23 million in withdrawals in a one-month period from July 21, 2009, to Aug. 20, 2009.




Exhibit B: HSBC account ledger, monthly transaction summary

“The account does not say where the money comes from or where it is going to,” Cruz noted. “It’s just a transaction. But the money gets transferred out of the account. Where does it go? The bank won’t explain it, but they know exactly where it goes. If it from here down to Malaysia, Brazil, Columbia, Hong Kong – the bank knows exactly where it’s going because the bank owns the branches in those countries.”

Next, WND showed Cruz Exhibit C, showing an HSBC account ledger documenting hundreds of thousands of dollars transferred into and out of a company in the account statement beginning July 20, 2009, and ending Aug. 20, 2009.




Exhibit C: HSBC account ledger, detail of monthly account transfers

“Money comes in daily, thousands of dollars, always in even amounts,” he noted. “You look at a statement and it says ‘transfer,’ but where did it go? There’s no account number or tracking number that documents where the transaction went.”

Cruz contended that HSBC was running what amounted to a “shell game.”

“So many of these businesses are conducted out of a person’s home,” he commented. “I would walk into these homes. There’s a couch, there’s a chair, a desk – but the house is empty, a couple of Mercedes sitting out front, but where is the business? It’s only online transactions of money in and money out.”

Identity theft

Cruz charges that the 1,000 pages of customer account records suggest HSBC relied on identity theft to capture legitimate Social Security numbers that were then used to create the bogus retail and commercial bank accounts through which employees systematically deposited and withdrew hundreds of millions of dollars on a daily basis, apparently without the knowledge of the identity theft victims.

“When an individual finds out they got a loan they never knew about, 5 percent of that loan went to the accounting firm that made up the phony tax returns, and the other 95 percent of that loan went to the manager,” he said.

“One manager was involved in the transaction, another manager was involved in notarizing the transaction, and senior management was involved where they signed off permission to give the loans even when the loans get rejected by underwriting.”

A criminal enterprise

Cruz told WND he recorded meetings he conducted with HSBC management and bank security personnel in which he charges various bank managers were engaging in criminal acts.

“I have hours upon hours of voice recordings, ranging from bank tellers, to business representatives, to managers, to executives,” he said. “The whole system is designed to be a culture of fraud to make it look like it’s a legalized system. But it’s not.”

Cruz explained that even when he let bank managers know he was taping the conversation, the managers were not interested in what he was saying.

“HSBC is a criminal organization,” he stressed. “It is a culture of crime.”

In January, Reuters reported that the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations had begun investigating money-laundering activity at HSBC with the intention of scheduling hearings later this year.

Last week, Reuters reported the U.S. unit of the London-based HSBC Holdings Plc has been under investigation by federal law enforcement officials since 2003 for the bank’s lax attitudes toward enforcing anti-money laundering statutes.

Reuters reported that confidential documents examined from the offices of two U.S. Attorneys’ offices allege that from 2005, “the bank violated the Bank Secrecy Act and other anti-money laundering laws on a massive scale” by not adequately reviewing “hundreds of billions of dollars in transactions for any that might have links to drug trafficking, terrorist financing and other criminal activity.”

In an attempt to make his charges public, Cruz in 2011 published a book about his experiences titled “World Banking World Fraud: Using Your Identity.”]]>
Economics Fri, 11 May 2012 04:44:47 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2451-the-global-banking-giant-hsbc-is-a-criminal-enterprise#2451
Naslov: Goli Prosvjed Zelenih, Pedalama Prema Ekološki Održivom Društvu - od: Gaja http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/44-priroda/2450-goli-prosvjed-zelenih-pedalama-prema-ekoloki-odrivom-drutvu#2450 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/44-priroda/2450-goli-prosvjed-zelenih-pedalama-prema-ekoloki-odrivom-drutvu#2450
Svake godine diljem Velike Britanije održava se "World Naked Bike Ride" - najveći svjetski goli prosvjed. Nafta, zagađenje okoliša, ugroženost biciklista i slične stvari, sve su veća prijetnja za ljudsku civilizaciju. Zeleni aktivisti pedalirajući goli po gradovima i selima nastoje zaokupiti pažnju ljudi i prenijeti poruku o neophodnoj tranziciji prema ekološki održivom društvu.

Goli u sedlu inače simbolizira ranjivost biciklista kao sudionika u prometu.
Prvi koordinirani prosvjed golih na biciklama, organiziran je 2004 godine, a ovog ljeta će se održati kao dio Biciklističkog Tjedna 2012 ne samo po engleskim gradovima već i u mnogim drugim mjestima na našoj sve bolesnijoj planeti. Mnogi sudionici su iskusni naturisti, dok je za druge to jedina prilika u godini da se pojave goli u javnosti.



Evo kako prosvjed golih ekoloških aktivista na biciklama može zanimanje za ključna pitanja u vezi sa zaštitom okoliša poput nafte i ovisnosnosti o automobilima proširiti na novu publiku.
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Priroda Fri, 04 May 2012 19:56:48 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/44-priroda/2450-goli-prosvjed-zelenih-pedalama-prema-ekoloki-odrivom-drutvu#2450
Naslov: Greece: Guide Through Social Economy And Community Currencies - od: zagor http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2448-greece-guide-through-social-economy-and-community-currencies#2448 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2448-greece-guide-through-social-economy-and-community-currencies#2448 Greece: Guide Through Social Economy And Community Currencies

"I Can Do It Without the Eurο": A Guide Through the Crisis

02 May 2012, GreekReporter.com





The new book by Greek columnist Andreas Roumeliotis is out on the shelves of bookstores across Greece through Ianos Publishing House. Entitled “I Can Do It Without the Euro,” the book aims at presenting a solution to the Euro crisis by introducing an alternative solidarity-based economic structure, community banks and social currencies. The author also focuses on the ways in which Vancouver managed to rise from its financial ashes, how Argentina survived its debt thanks to the Nodos, the creditors and the Rosario gardens, and how Brazil got back on its feet with the help of Banco Palmas, one of the many community banks of the country.

The book includes a large-scale study on Solidarity Social Economics throughout Europe, which takes up to 10 percent of the total economy nowadays. It takes note of the 1,500 AMAP food networks operating in France without middlemen, the LETS system and the “Transition Towns” of the UK, the 50 alternative currencies and the 63 community banks of Germany, the French SOL and Italian Libro.

In his interview with journalist Eleni Lazarou for the Greek website kano-oikonomia.gr, Roumeliotis insists that one can make a living in Greece today even without the Euro. Greece can develop a solidarity-based economy by relying more on a community currency or else known as local currency, which can boost the exchange of vocational services and products to those in need. In times of recession and financial crisis social economy is the only way to reduce unemployment.

“Social banks are there to facilitate the trading of services and products among people. Of course, this does not mean returning to ancient trade systems but the establishment of a hi-tech and fair economic system operating auxiliary to the official one,” noted Roumeliotis.

Asked about the increasing number of solidarity networks and organizations in Greece during the past few years of the debt crisis, Roumeliotis said that by next autumn their number is expected to exceed 500. Alone the municipality of Maroussi in Athens has established 12 urban gardens, where unemployed people, immigrants, low-wage workers low pensioners can work to earn some extra money. By next autumn social banks will be in full operation across Greece and alternative currencies will be in circulation in most prefectures. Most municipalities are already hosting social grocery stores, pharmacies, clinics, foreign language schools and eateries. But unfortunately this world does not get any attention by the mass media of the country. Only “Peliti” has gotten some of their attention lately, after it enabled 100,000 professional and amateur farmers to exchange seeds without money over the past 17 years, and thus, preserve the local plant species.

According to the author, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA have an already developed solidarity-based economic system functioning at the same time with the governmental one. In the UK, LETS electronic trade systems are everywhere, while in Berlin one can use the local currency “Berliner” in hundreds of stores next to the Euro.
Moreover, the book features selected articles of Roumeliotis’ work in the daily newspaperEleftherotypia.]]>
Economics Fri, 04 May 2012 05:07:13 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2448-greece-guide-through-social-economy-and-community-currencies#2448
Naslov: Global Conference 2012 - Europe Has Already Defaulted - od: roman http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/4-current-events/2447-global-conference-2012-europe-has-already-defaulted#2447 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/4-current-events/2447-global-conference-2012-europe-has-already-defaulted#2447 Global Conference 2012 - Europe Has Already Defaulted

02 May 2012 - Zero Hedge

At The Milken Institute conference yesterday, Hugh Hendry delivered his usual eloquent and critical insights on the state of Europe. Beginning with the statement that "All of Europe has defaulted", the canny-wee-fella (translation: shrewd and cautious young chap) explained that "The political economy in Europe is such that the politicians chose to default on their spending obligations to their citizens in order to honor the pact with their financial creditors and so as time goes on, the politicians are being rejected." Between France's election of Mr. Hollande and Luxembourg's 'when times get tough you have to lie' Juncker, Hendry says the only inspiration for Europe is fiction as "you just can't make up how bad it is" as he goes on to discuss the precedent for a way forward, the grotesque distortions of fixed exchange rate regimes, why Weimar happened, why the transfer union will never happen, Ayn Rand's reality, and fear politicians are feeling.

The entire discussion is well worth watching for a sense of the underlying reality in Europe.





The underlying reality that what the European monetary union is about is not about preventing a third so-called European civil war, it is essentially about making someone (France, Germany or both) a Great Power, a European Hegemon, and a global player.

Starting at around 12:00, Hugh begins his must-watch discussion...

And begins again at around 30:00, Hendry discusses the British perspective on the impeccable logic of the German mind and why the transfer union will never happen in Europe...and why Wiemar happened...

At around 46:00, Hendry addresses Germany's emerging housing bubble (and why it won't occur) and the two forms of leverage in the world.

From 52:40, Hendry takes on the view of (disagreeing with) a weak USD and the US being supplanted as a global leader

Hendry confesses to not being able to finish reading Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged at around 1:02:00 and explains why (apart from its length and lack of pictures)...noting that is too depressingly real in its description of the world we live in today...

We have reached a profound point in economic history where the truth is unpalatable to the political class - and that truth is that the scale and magnitude of the problem is larger than their ability to respond - and it terrifies them.

Concluding at 1:10:10 - "we are single-digit years away from the most profound market clearing moment"]]>
Current Events Thu, 03 May 2012 11:40:21 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/4-current-events/2447-global-conference-2012-europe-has-already-defaulted#2447
Naslov: Dirk Bezemer: Creating a Socially Useful Financial System - od: tuper http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2446-dirk-bezemer-creating-a-socially-useful-financial-system#2446 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2446-dirk-bezemer-creating-a-socially-useful-financial-system#2446 Dirk Bezemer: Creating a Socially Useful Financial System

Source: Naked Capitalism

Here’s more material from this iNet “Paradigm Lost” conference in Berlin (from which Yves has just returned).





Here’s the introduction:

The first thing we need to say to each other is what do we mean by socially useful… Now the first thing to notice about this is that conventional cutting-edge macro monetary theory here is of no help at all in determing what is a socially useful credit sector, and that’s for the simple reason that there is no credit sector in the cutting edge macro models today.

OK, this goes back a long way: Frank Hahn [sp?] in the 1960s wrote a paper on problems of proving the existence of money in the multi-market equilibrium economy, so money itself is not supposed to exist even. This has been laid out and explained in many publications since. And my point is not to bash macroeconomics as it is today, but my point is that we really need to look for other models and other ways of thinking if we want to get to an assessment of what is a socially useful credit system. Supporting these you might say science fiction models [ouch], financially speaking, because there is no finance in them, the models that central bankers use have no banks — just let that sink in — is fictional history….

The whole presentation is deadpan screamingly funny, besides providing some superb analytical and polemic tools. Don’t listen to NPR with your morning coffee; listen to this!]]>
Economics Thu, 03 May 2012 05:18:10 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2446-dirk-bezemer-creating-a-socially-useful-financial-system#2446
Naslov: A Land Backed Currency Issued By A Local Authority - od: tuper http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2445-a-land-backed-currency-issued-by-a-local-authority#2445 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2445-a-land-backed-currency-issued-by-a-local-authority#2445 A Land Backed Currency Issued By A Local Authority

Source: Ethical Markets

Ethical Markets Review is delighted to publish this brilliant original paper by Deirdre Kent, author of Healthy Money, Healthy Planet (2005). Deirdre has been an activist for a better common future and in New Zealand politics since the Values Party was founded in 1975. Many members of this early futurist party visited our editor, Hazel Henderson, in the late 1970s and gave her the rights to their visionary manifesto, Beyond Tomorrow. Deirdre continued her activism in her local community, Otaki, and co-founded the Otaki Transition Town and the Otaki Timebank, the brainchild of Edgar Cahn, a member of Ethical Markets Advisory Board. In 2011, Deirdre Kent founded New Zealand’s New Economics Party and wrote this immensely practical and viable proposal for a scaled-up, robust local currency which can be issued in many countries by local authorities and ratified by central banks and authorities as is now happening in Brazil, see articles by Ladislau Dowbor and Rose Marie Muraro in Ethical Markets Review. We welcome these innovative thinkers and activists. – Hazel Henderson, Editor.


A Land Backed Currency Issued By A Local Authority

“Money is deeply and irretrievably implicated in the conversion of the land commons into private property, the final and defining stage of which is its reduction to the status of just another commodity that can be bought and sold.” Charles Eisenstein Sacred Economics

Summary
This paper develops the case for a currency issued by a local authority and proposes a contract where a land levy is paid to council in exchange for local dollars to assist would-be purchasers to buy land. It addresses both land and money together. It argues for a currency that has a built-in incentive to circulate fast. It will supplement the existing interest-bearing monoculture of a national currency. It introduces a local Citizen’s Dividend. Local currencies need to shift up a gear. It describes the probable effects of such a marked change in the scale of complementary currencies, where they are issued in millions rather than hundreds of dollars. It argues that such a currency will stabilise the price of property, cause new prosperity, move business towards sustainability, stimulate new industry, create new jobs and move to a low carbon economy. The knock-on effects on the central government are discussed. It argues for a smooth gradual introduction of this dual currency system linked to land. Involvement of Maori is essential from the beginning.

Assumptions
1. That, because land is not an ordinary commodity and everyone has a right to land, no one should profit from owning land.
2. That local government should have more power relative to central government.
3. That the health of the local economy and the health of the national economy are equally important. A win for one is a win for the other; a loss for one is a loss for the other.
3. That local government and central government should therefore be in constant negotiation with each other. They are friends not enemies.
4. That inflation and deflation are undesirable and must be strenuously avoided.
5. That homes should be more affordable and there should be a higher rate of home ownership.
6. That wealth should be more evenly distributed among the citizens.
7. That taxing earnings, enterprise and spending is counterproductive.
8. Farmers should be farming for food growing and not for capital gains.
9. In the face of financial and environmental crises and resource limits we need to have a scaled-up local currency so this is a golden opportunity to design a currency with a circulation incentive.
10. Dual currencies supplemented by many smaller local currencies like timebanks and LETS bring stability, resilience and prosperity.
11.Those who hold the land in trust and make it more productive or improve the buildings on it should be rewarded by the system, never penalised.
12. With the global financial situation unwinding fast we are facing a future of a diminishing money supply yet a declining purchasing power, in other words a long depression.
13. We are living in a cauldron of threat yet in an exciting time of creativity.
14. A Sharia compliant currency would alleviate some serious political issues.

The current money is land-backed but banks and property owners have benefited from it
Currently 98% of the money supply of a country has been issued by private banks at interest. Most of this money is issued as mortgages; so overseas-owned banks currently have a claim on a large proportion of New Zealand’s homes and farms. And it also means money is deeply implicated in the conversion of the commons to private property. Banks benefit from the rise in land prices because they are always lending more and more and property is the security for their mortgages. The monopoly money system brings instability, partly because of growing debt. Banks are owed $173 billion worth of mortgages in NZ. We need to stabilise the price of land.

Property Speculation is over but has been very profitable
When the price of land increases over time those who own property gain when they sell it. So excess money in the economy currently tends to go into speculation in real estate. Lured by bank promises of big loans and helped by a tax system that encourages property ownership, investors are buying second and third homes. This is no good for productivity. According to the Productivity Commission Dec 2011, average section prices tripled from $50,000 in 1992 to $150,000 in 2007, a fifteen-year period. But the rises in property values are not because of the effort of a landowner. It is the efforts of the surrounding community that causes the value of the land to rise. When a new railway is built the land near it rises in value. When a new business comes to town the land rises in value. The windfall should not therefore be the property of the landowner but should be publicly captured. Property speculation has particularly profitable in the land surrounding growing towns and cities.

However when property declines in value, the opposite happens. Banks refuse to lend, the prices are forced down and the economy shrinks. It would be much better if the price of land was stabilised.

Land and money are two inseparable issues and must be dealt with together
The combination of these sick systems has resulted in increasing wealth disparity, as wealth has concentrated with banks and property owners. If we fix the money system and keep it as a monoculture, but deal to the banks with a monoculture monetary reform, landowners will further aggregate wealth and there will be inflation. House prices rise dramatically. Fix just the land system and money will concentrate with banks. Banks will “row the economy” between tight money and easy money causing booms and busts. They put up interest rates for “riskier” business loans. They buy patents, radio spectrums, copyrights, and trademarks. They bribe governments. So both issues need to be tackled together. The land and money issues intersect at one point – mortgages. So it is on this we should focus.

The booms and busts are now escalating and we have had huge property bubbles and bank ponzi schemes, which must now unravel over the next decade. Every few years there will be a property bubble followed by a banking, monetary and sovereign debt crisis. Both monetary reformists and Georgists have claimed that the Global Financial Crisis, whose effects will be felt for decades, was due to their issue. It is not either/or; it is both/and. We need monetary reform and public capture of the rent on land.

After decades of exponential growth interrupted by occasional corrections acting as a brake, now we are in a situation where the brakes are going to be on much of the time.

Land prices, inflation and deflation are inextricably linked

1. Since 1999 land prices have been left out of the basket of goods used to measure the CPI. Yet house prices grew an average of 4.9% a year to 2011 from 1992, while in a period of steep rises like 2002 to 2007 they rose 12.6% a year! Section prices tripled in the fifteen years to 2007. If we had a more valid measure of inflation, interest rates would have been much higher and people would have suffered much more. So since 1999 we have been sheltered by a statistical anomaly.

2. Rising land prices are a consequence of the inflation of the money supply and diminishing land prices are a consequence of the deflation of the money supply. On a rising property market banks create more money in the form of debt money, the money supply increases, while on a falling property market, banks create less debt-money in loans and the money supply decreases.

3. With inflation it gets easier and easier to buy property over time for those already on the property ladder and with deflation the opposite is true. Much of the motivation/imperative to buy a house for the past thirty years has been to exploit the inflation of the money supply. As the money supply expands, the real size of the mortgage shrinks so it gets easier to pay off. As the money supply declines, the real size of the mortgage increases, making it harder to pay off. So don’t have a mortgage in a deflationary period. Shrewd property owners seeing a crash coming will sell up, keep cash and are in a position to buy up cheap land at the end of the crash. That is what happened in the Great Depression.

With deflation, even though prices are falling there is not enough money in the system for buyers to afford houses. Wages are lower and purchasing power is less.

No graph created by a statistician should ever have to correct for inflation or deflation, because there shouldn’t be any. We are already at the beginning of a long depression unless something drastic is done. Otherwise we just career along in the same faulty vehicle along the same downward path. The Global Financial Crisis is going to take a long time to unwind. We need to stabilise land values, inject liquidity and protect ourselves from being dependent on a monoculture currency when the money supply is constantly shrinking.

Proposal for issuing Rates Vouchers using a Contract to pay an ongoing Land Levy: To balance the ‘patriarchal’ monoculture of bank issued interest-bearing debt currency we need to have a series of ‘matrifocal’ smaller currencies issued with a circulation incentive. The proposal is to let Councils issue Rates Vouchers. This new money is designed to decay not increase in value. In order to link the new money to the value of the land we propose the Council contract with would-be property owners to give them newly created Rates Vouchers, (valid for payment of rates) to buy their land. In exchange the landowner creates a land covenant requiring the landowner to pay a regular sum to Council, this sum to be a little less than what they would have paid in mortgage on the land value and rates together. It would be paid partly in Rates Vouchers and partly in NZ dollars, (the rate to be determined, being aware that to pay the NZ dollar component becomes progressively harder over time).

In effect the Council gradually buys up the land but the guardianship and responsibility remains with the owner and the title is burdened.

The Land Levy is ongoing. It is not a mortgage that eventually gets paid off.

Land Rental Index Would the payment be linked to inflation? No. Inflation is linked to interest rates, which assume a one-size-fits-all situation for the whole country. Land isn’t like that. Some sites are more desirable than others. The payment would be linked to a Land Rental Index. This is an index of averaged land rental values for a geographical zone over time. Land rental values are much more stable over time than are interest rates.

Be clear this isn’t a land price index. Speculation in land drives prices up but doesn’t drive rentals up. It is the rental value that is important. And as land prices come down, the rentals remain much the same. Land keeps its intrinsic value over time.

So what is a land rental value? It is the value of the weekly rent on the property less the cost of the improvements expressed as a weekly figure. See what landlords are charging, subtract out the costs of improvements. Then you have got a land rental value for that property. I rent it for $600 a week and it has a building worth $200 a week then the land is worth $400 a week. Do this calculation of land rentals or a convenient sample and then take the average change year on year. The value of the improvements goes up when it there is investment in improvements.

Because it is an index of the land rental value over time, it doesn’t vary much. Only sudden catastrophic events like land subsidence or an earthquake will change the land rental value dramatically. It could drop away to zero. When a major new service like a rail link arrives, the land rental rises. So you pay what it is worth.

So what if my property is constantly overvalued? Personal gripes won’t matter too much because consistent overvaluation or undervaluation doesn’t affect the movement of the index. People need only to watch how the index moves. With Land Levies you pay what the land is worth until it is gone and then stop paying it if the land is useless, as when a house falls into the sea. It might make sense to have an index for residential rentals and one for commercial, so you can take into account different permitted land uses – residential, retail, agricultural and industrial uses and distance from services.

There might be 10 different regions and within that 100 different zones, making 1000 zones for the country. The land rental index would be much the same over any small town but there might be many zones in a city like Auckland. The regular payments or levies paid will vary according to the local land value index. An index might go down as in the case of eastern Christchurch suburbs after earthquakes, or up, as in the 1986 case of when Waiheke Island got its fast ferry.

Overall a land rental index is more stable than interest rates. Whereas an interest rise from 5% to 6% is actually a 20% rise in mortgages, a land index is more likely to change by less than half a percent per year. In the case of Christchurch some suburbs after the earthquakes were deemed Red Zone, or uninhabitable. The land value effectively dropped to zero so the payments would drop to zero too.

But when there was a drop in property prices as happened from 2007 to 2011, then the land value index would drop and the payments would drop. Rather than having their home repossessed by banks if they got into financial trouble, property owners would just have lower payment to make to councils.

Wouldn’t the Council then own the land?
No. The fact that the contract gave money up to the value of the land does not change the ownership of the land, but the required Land Levy is included in the title as an encumbrance – a big one. It would be enough to drop the price of the property dramatically and make it more affordable. Because the encumbrance is on the title, the ‘owner’ then effectively becomes the guardian of the land or ‘kaitiaki o whenua’, as it should be. The owners are fully responsible for what happens there.

This is an opt-in scheme where would-be homebuyers can contract with local government to covenant their land with a financial obligation, an agreement to pay a regular sum to council in exchange for the Council giving them a lump sum to pay for their land. At this stage the Council is exempting them from all land related like rates and other charges. The sum paid will be negotiated case by case according to legislative guidelines and be, say, the amount they would have paid in mortgage interest on the land together with the rates, minus say 10-15% or it may be up to 20%, depending on the land use.

Legislation may be required. This scheme would require legislation to amend the Land Transfer Act to clarify or reintroduce a provision for a ‘rentcharge’ in a ‘Memorandum of Encumbrance against the Title’. This has been used in the past, with perpetual rentcharges. There will also be legislation needed to specify what purchasers could expect from councils and what land levy must be paid. A land index must be created in law. The penalties for noncompliance must be spelt out in law. The Reserve Bank Act will also have to be amended to allow for local currencies and for the establishment of a bank dealing in local authority currencies. There are possibly other Acts that may require amending like the Securities Act and the Local Government Act.

So what is a covenant? There is a provision in property law that allows land to be covenanted, or subject to a solemn promise. It is an agreement often between adjoining landowners to do something (affirmative covenant) or to refrain from doing something (restrictive covenant) with relation to the land. An example of an affirmative covenant is a promise to build a fence, while an example of a restrictive covenant is a promise not to develop land for commercial use. Each covenant has two sides: the burden and the benefit. The burden is the promissor’s duty to perform the promise and the benefit is the promissee’s right to enforce the promise. These covenants ‘run with the land’, which means that subsequent owners of that land must honour the covenant. The title becomes burdened.

How will a Rates Voucher work?
The Rates Voucher is a promise by the local government to accept the note for the payment of rates. If it were a note the Mayor and Treasurer would sign it. This is done interest-free at almost zero cost to local government. On the note would be printed the words “This note is valid for the payment of rates to Wellington City Council” or something similar. And ultimately they must be acceptable for the payment of rates.

The incentive for circulation is dealt with not by a negative interest rate, but by making the note redeemable on a certain fixed date. This will be further explained later.

But how would you guard against inflation or deflation of the currency?
If there is too much local currency in circulation it will become gradually less trusted. People will go back to the national dollar. The rationale for having a local currency backed by a promise to accept it for rates is to create the conditions for people to trust it and accept it. Therefore there has to be careful management of the amount of currency in circulation. Since councils have to buy petrol, machinery and other things that can only be bought using national currency, each council would have to decide what proportion of the rates bill would be billed in the local currency. It may be 33% for instance. If there are too many local dollars out there, the council will not be able to accept them all.

So how would it work out? A council that collects $120 million in rates a year might issue just $40 million in local currency annually and these would be issued with an expiry date. The object is to design it to be a ‘use it or lose it’ currency, just like Flybuys or the tickets you buy for a concert or a game of rugby or a plane trip. If you don’t present your ticket on that date, it is no good trying to present it once the concert, rugby game or plane trip has been and gone. Because they know the size of their rates take, each council knows how much to issue.

Although most Councils allow for rates to be paid quarterly, an annual system would be better. The currency could start by being issued on 1 Feb 2013 and redeemed on 1 Feb 2015, two years later. They may decide to issue $40 million in local currency. The next year they do the same, issuing them on 1 Feb 2014, making them due on 1 Feb 2016. So there there is an overlap and two sets are in circulation simultaneously.

Paying for the land for a couple of dairy farms in Southland might take up all their allotted issuance for three months. But if sections are worth $200,000 each the Council could pay for 50 sections every three months. That is a fair bit. If the sections are worth $400,000 each then they could only cover 25 sections every three months.

So if we know how much local money is out there we know that the Council can and must accept it all for rates and everyone will be happy. Some people won’t cash up their local dollars on time, just as some people will miss the plane. There has to be a mechanism to deal with those who inadvertently forgot to present their tickets in time. And of course the Council itself trades in local currency for its licences, resource consents and pays some of its wages in Rates Vouchers.

Now let’s examine why there would be an incentive to use them or lose them. When they are issued people have two years to cash in the notes. As time goes on and the deadline looms, there will be less of a demand for the notes. Users would prefer the most recently issued notes, so those notes are worth more. In time, holders will take their old notes to the bank and change them at a loss for new notes and the bank manages the exchange rate.

There will obviously be tweaks to the system as it starts to operate. The fraction of 33% might be adjusted up or down. The Council might find they need to issue the rates vouchers with a closer expiry date, which would cause them to circulate more quickly. The notes would be more of a hot potato and everyone would feel the urge to pass it on quickly. Like Cinderella the notes will turn into a pumpkin at midnight and will no longer be a princess. Or the notes might need to be issued with their redemption date further away, so they don’t circulate so fast. There will be a trial and error period until a pattern is set.

There is no interest on each period’s currency. Like gold, it is inert. It has no “ownership value”, pays no interest. The currency sits in someone’s account until it is redeemed. But the value of the earlier notes declines over time.

A system with rather a similar circulation incentive operated in Europe between the years 1040 and 1280. The local lord issued the local currency in coins, and the practice was that this currency would have to be handed in when the lord died and there would be recoinage. But it was common to hand in four coins and receive only three, an equivalent of a 25% tax. Nobody knew when the lord would die so people spent them as fast as they could and the result was those magnificent European cathedrals. These were to provide the town with pilgrim and tourist income for many centuries. People spent a lot of time on maintenance of their ovens, winepresses, mills and heavy equipment. There were variations between districts, just as there will be between different councils.

So there is the paradox. Money that decays in value can actually result in long-term thinking and long term investment.

The period was one in which rents were paid on land, which of course was all owned by the lord of the land, or landlord. There are several other prosperous and happy periods in history where there is both a rent on land and a dual money system operating. Both are needed.

There would have to be a Local Government owned bank.
Since we are in a digital age, everyone needs a bank account and that means a special bank is needed to deal with local money. Everyone who uses Rates Vouchers would open an account, and the Council would pay the administration fees. As the new currency is designed to decay not attract interest there is no bank income. The bank would be able to lend out to locally owned businesses and of course would be there for loans on houses. These are not mortgages, but loans. If the bank lent out $250,000 for house building it would eventually be repaid $250,000.

Rating systems
In discussing rates below we need to bear in mind that the New Zealand situation is that most councils these days have a mixture of fixed annual charges, together with charges based on either unimproved land value or on capital value. The general trend appears to be towards capital values with a higher and higher proportion being fixed annual charges. However all this is irrelevant because we are only concerned with the unimproved value of the land now. The proposal has the effect of increasing the council revenue to so much that all those complexities become unnecessary. But Councils still have to retain a right to charge for anything they want to minimise like water use and rubbish.

How to calculate Land Levies
First we have to ask in what currency or currencies the levies are to be paid. This important topic requires considerable discussion. Without claiming to reach an answer I offer the following seven examples.

I have taken a discount of 20% for all except rural properties distant from services, where I have arbitrarily put the discount is 50%. It may even be wrong to value rural properties as a single group. Maybe there should be an index based on distance from services so that land just outside a city or town is valued much the same as those within the boundary. It is properties like these which cause problems, such as when we lump all rural properties together for rating purposes just because they don’t have sewerage or water services.

Example 1
A couple in Otaki wanted to buy a section for $127,000. The rates on the land are $800 a year. If they were to get a mortgage of $127,000 at 6.9% they would have to pay $8723 a year in interest. The total land associated outgoings would be $9723 a year. The couple then enters into a contract with the council to receive the $127,000 they needed in Rates Vouchers, and in exchange there are no further rates obligations. But in the covenant they agree to pay Council, say, $8094 a year from then on. The council could charge them for water and sewerage.

Suppose they then spent $450,000 building a house. The price of their house when they came to sell it would represent anything they put into it less depreciation.

Example 2
A 419 sq m section in North Epsom, Auckland, in the zone of many elite schools and within walking distance from Mt Eden village is on the market for $740,000 and its rates are a mere $1200 a year. New purchasers could go to Auckland Council for a contract where they agreed to receive Auckland dollars to buy the section in return for a hefty regular payment to Council. At 6.9% mortgage the land-associated mortgage component would have been $51,060 and their total land associated costs would be $52,260. At 20% discount they would pay $41,808. At 10% discount it would be $47,034.

Example 3
A family wanted to buy a rural property worth $900,000 of which the land value was $700,000 and the rates were $1500 a year. They would have paid 6.9% interest on their mortgage of $48,300 to the bank. Outgoings would total $49,800. The Council created $700,000 of Rates Vouchers in exchange for a Land Levy of $39,840 a year. This is 20% less than they would have paid in rates and to the bank.

Example 4
A couple in Auckland is buying a house in Mt Albert for $700,000. The land value was $420,000. The bank would have given them a mortgage at 6.9% so the land component of this would have cost them $28,980 and their rates were $4200 a year, a total of $33,180 a year. Their land levy was negotiated to be $26,544 or 20% lower than [banks plus rates].

Example 5. A Turangi section was on the market for $60,000 and the bank payments would be $4140 a year, rates $800 a total of $4940. A discount of 20% would bring it down to $3312 a year.

Example 6
1.86ha coastal residential land with further subdivisions available is for sale at Kerikeri for $1,200,000. Rates are $2430. Current outgoings would have been $85,230 at 6.9%. Discount at 30% would be $57,000 a year, at 20% $68,184 for the land levy.

Example 7
A do-up home in Greerton, Tauranga is on the market for $249,000. Its land value is $146,000 and its rates are $1700. Total outgoings would have been $11,774. A 20% discounted Land levy is $9419.

Effect on house prices
The covenanted properties, being financially ‘burdened’, would then have a very much lower market value. With dropping house prices this arrangement would benefit would-be first homebuyers. According to the Productivity Commission (Dec 2011) land values are typically 60% for most Auckland, North Shore and Queenstown homes and even more for older homes in big cities, so the covenanting process would actually drop the price of the property by a whopping 60%.

But the landowner would in exchange be relieved from all land related taxes – rates. And very soon, when the local government issues a Citizen’s Dividend, landowners would get other financial benefits (more about Citizens Dividend later). While the property value would drop dramatically, the landowner would still have the same or slightly more equity and so would not be disadvantaged. In fact they could be considerably advantaged, because there is a larger market in the group of buyers for cheaper properties.

This paper is advocating a switch to Land Levies on a plot-by-plot basis, exchanging the new levy for removal of the old burdens. The country can then move gradually and smoothly to a fairer system. It does this by the accumulated benefits of a growing number of individual actions.

Effect on the local economy
Vendors when offered part payment in local dollars may be puzzled. What would they do with it? They might want to buy a house in the same area, so could offer part payment in local dollars. This chain would continue until it encounters a vendor that doesn’t want to buy a house at all. The first challenge has arisen. Who will accept this new currency? It is a fair chunk of money to spend and what is more there is an imperative to get rid of it fairly quickly.

Of course the Rates Vouchers will be useful in paying rates but it is unlikely they would all be used for this or even for buying goods and labour within the district. It is most likely they would be used as an investment. But how? They may have another house in the district and want to build on a flat to rent out. Or they might have mortgaged their home to pay for their business development. They find that instead of paying national dollars to pay their employee, they could pay them partly in local dollars. Or they could lease land and plant trees for timber or firewood or pay for anything that required local labour. Because of the circulation incentive they have to spend it before a certain time elapses or it would decay in value.

And how would their employees spend their Rates Vouchers? At the start Council and community leaders would have a responsibility to encourage local businesses to accept the currency. For example supermarkets may accept, say, 10-15% of their takings in local currency, and big local businesses might accept a larger proportion. Builders and tradespeople could accept part of their payments in rates vouchers, local markets could encourage use of the local currency, and Main Street businesses could pay part of their labour costs. With no disincentive for doing up houses, the local builders will have heaps of work. Homeowners know it not going to increase their rates. So home repairs start happening.

With more liquidity in the system farm labour would now be affordable, bringing considerable benefit to the rural sector, especially in labour intensive organic farms. Farmers could pay out Rates Vouchers as part of their wages to fencers, shearers, labourers etc. The arts would also thrive. People might want to commission substantial works of art from local artists.

Farms, where the land value is the major portion of the total value, will also become more affordable. In effect the land has been removed from the market economy and the farmer is buying the improvements only. One generation can easily pass the farm to the next because they are only bequeathing their improvements. However the family knowledge of the land is passed on and the land benefits from this knowledge.

With Land Levies there will be an incentive to build upwards and thus earn more off their location, especially if a blanket zoning of 2 stories is added (this will have to happen soon in a climate ravaged future) to locations within, say, 7 kms of a CBD in the major cities of the world. Thus there will be more rental accommodation and downward pressure on prices.

As holders of local currency have to pay insurance and power in national dollars, it would put pressure on the local economy to start a local insurance company and have a locally owned power company.

With a penalty for hoarding everyone would have an interest in persuading others to accept it. The faster it circulates the more good it will do for the local economy. Struggling locally owned stores would no longer have to sell up and be replaced by stores selling cheap Asian goods and Australasian chain stores. Kapiti Lights shopping centre would benefit, as would Paekakariki and Otaki village. More local dairies will spring up again.

Best of all, manufacturing would re-emerge to add value to local produce and local materials. But this time it is manufacturing with a dramatically lower carbon footprint. At last we move to a low carbon economy with an incentive for import substitution.

Effects on revenue of local and national governments and a local Citizen’s Dividend. As more and more people opted into the Land Levy scheme councils will notice their revenue rising. Some landowners are paying four to twenty times what they were paying before and this soon mounts up. It is revenue the Council never dreamt of. It is public revenue. So a proportion of it should immediately be distributed as a Citizen’s Dividend to residents, giving each local citizen a cash handout to spend in the local economy.

The actual process would most easily be accomplished through channelling the local currency through the Inland Revenue Department, which has a record of all the citizens in the local authority area.

Are there precedents for this? Yes, in 1951 when the wool price was high the NZ Government distributed a small dividend to all families and pensioners.

Government will notice a thriving local economy with a drop in unemployment and new business development. They will look on with envy. The local MP will notice.

However the central government’s revenue is still unaffected. In fact Treasury may notice that some residents in that local authority area are avoiding some of their income tax or not paying GST.

At this stage the Local Authority should say to Government: ‘Then you can set up a similar scheme if you want to. There are historical precedents for governments writing Treasury Notes receivable for taxes. You can give out those notes in exchange for a land levy too. Then you too, can pay a Citizen’s Dividend in New Zealand dollars. Then you can reduce GST or income tax or company tax. You shouldn’t be taxing on work or initiative. You would create jobs if you dropped GST.’

It gives local authorities a bargaining tool. Suddenly they have some bargaining power with Central Government. Healthy local economies are not the be all and end all, for in a healthy New Zealand economy every part must thrive. An organ can’t be healthy unless the whole body is healthy.

Effect on Banks
The banks meanwhile are at their wits end. It is a PR nightmare they had dreaded. Here are all these citizens delighted with their local authorities and having sufficient income to pay their essential bills. They notice that the Citizen’s Dividend is proving highly popular and no one wants to go back to the old system. The banks will start to pressure government to stop this madness. But if several local authorities are finding that their local economies are regenerating fast and their citizens are happier, then there are now several MPs who will oppose any move to change a law. That is why it is better to do it at local authority level first before at national level. Grassroots movements well planned can all always overcome the power of centrally owned corporates. There would be just too many fires for the banks to put out all at once and they give up because they can no longer influence public opinion.

Effect on the stability of the economy
Because homeowners are not having to take a mortgage for land and dwellings but just for dwellings, the nation’s private debt declines at last. Simply shrinking the nation’s mortgage debt would be a massive economic stabiliser, because the household sector wouldn’t be vulnerable to ‘pumping and dumping’ from interest rate variations. Stabilising land and property values will be of benefit to everyone.

Not everyone will opt in
Many will argue that it wouldn’t work or maybe they oppose it on other grounds – these people can just stay out and watch. However they certainly won’t mind receiving their Citizens Dividend.

Because the local Rates Voucher creation occurs only when buyers want to buy land, property owners who have paid off their mortgage won’t opt in. For those who are sick, frail or just tired and feeling old, they can just stay out. No problem.

However if homeowners have good earning power and energy they could benefit greatly from this scheme. But when the elderly moved out or died and the house was sold the land might finally become covenanted. Those who have land used partly for the public purposes like historic buildings, conservation land can either refrain or negotiate a lower Land Levy. Farmers, who traditionally object to land value taxes, can see their payments drop and those who want to farm will be able to buy without a huge mortgage.

The lump sum would be paid in Rates Vouchers, possibly in electronic form at settlement date to the vendor, who would either use it to buy a new home or to spend in the local economy. This is proposed for those who wish to get the balance of their house payment, not from the banks, but from local government in local money. It will only work for willing vendors. You can’t be in breach of the contract.

Every contract would be different, according to the size of the lump sum required and the rates. The contract needs to be written at a fair market value. ‘Fair market value’ is such that the equity of property owners is unaffected. The incentive will be that the sum paid to council will be less than is paid now in mortgage and rates. [This would exclude costs for water, if applied, and charges for any other service where there has to be an incentive for using less.]

Is it appropriate for Maori?
The huge opportunity here is how to maximise the inclusivity and mass appeal of this proposal. In this respect, in principle such a proposal (or an appropriate variation of it) represents the potential to benefit a significant M?ori population, and we would do well to consider a specific strategy to engage wh?nau (M?ori families), hap? (M?ori sub-tribes) and iwi (M?ori tribes) in the design, delivery/ implementation, monitoring and evaluation of it.

More socially-responsible land ‘management’ and ‘guardianship’ schemes are not new to M?ori or other indigenous peoples for that matter (I say ‘management’ and ‘guardianship’ because M?ori traditionally have no concept of land ‘ownership’. Rather, it would be more appropriate to conceptualise the land ‘owning’ the people). However, a question to be answered is, in rural areas especially, much land is already M?ori-’owned’ (in a Western sense): so how might land-’owning’ M?ori ‘opt into’ such a scheme? While many M?ori may be ‘land rich’, they are often ‘poor’ in their ability to utilise it. This is in part a reflection of the relationship tension that exists between Councils, and M?ori (who perceive they gain no infrastructure value for rates imposed on them). This underlying relationship dysfunction will need to be addressed before sufficient M?ori trust can be restored to opt into a scheme administered by Councils. If not, the proposal is likely to be perceived by M?ori as inherently risky, thereby alienating a significant sector of the community for whom such a mechanism is actually meant to be working for. ”

Small businesses
Small business would benefit once the Government has sufficient revenue to discontinue GST & company tax. Small business is crying out for someone to support them and for a stable monetary system. They don’t want the country’s investment finance going into property. Political parties with Land Levies as a policy would find this to be a wedge issue no other party has the ability to deal with. Small businesses that deal in locally sourced materials would have a major advantage.

Trial the scheme first
Perhaps it would be wise to trial the scheme on a small scale before rapid expansion. The trial could occur in many different ways. The goal is to give enough of a financial “nudge” to encourage people to join the scheme at a prudent rate. There would be no shortage of potential interest, given the extent of mortgage indebtedness.

You could trial it by placing a limit to the monthly payment under the Land Levy would be a good place to start – perhaps just do rates plus $100,000 of debt. You could trial a scheme in many different ways. It would test for all the potential hazards, maybe just by contracting with those with bare land.

So would people with mortgage free homes go out and buy a cheap one with a mortgage so they can benefit? No. They end up with a second house and this new one has covenant requiring a high land levy and their equity won’t go up in that house as a result. Moreover they would have to pay real estate fees to liquidise their gain. There is no incentive to dive into a scheme at fair value.

Effect on Landlords
The general trends prevailing in the years following the introduction of land contracts as a new opportunity for landowners:
• Firstly, their tenants’ businesses would be less likely to fail or worker tenants to lose their jobs because of the state of the economy – land levies are a stabilising influence.
• Second, it is not proposed to bring in Capital Gains Tax. This ties up land, people don’t sell, and they just wait for a change in government and lobby against the tax.
• Thirdly, upgrading homes would become more affordable because when central government gets in on the act too, company tax income tax and GST would be reduced significantly.
• Fourthly, the asset values of the properties would be more stable because people wouldn’t be borrowing at fluctuating interest rates with fluctuating money availability.

Landlords wouldn’t be prey to banks changing their interest rates at the worst possible moment, nor a sudden drop in prices. So their businesses would be at significantly lower risk – eliminating the speculative aspect. As a local area fluctuated in desirability, they would be insulated from price fluctuations because land values would tend to move with rents charged. However they would have to work as a landlord, which is fair. They would have a strong incentive to do up their houses, bringing in better returns.

Effect on low-income homeowners
As rates and insurance on properties rise, there is pressure on low-income earners to sell their homes and rent or move further out. But if a proportion of their rates can be paid in local currency it will take pressure off. And besides, with the local money circulating in the district, they have more hope for their future employment security. And when the community starts its own insurance company at least the price of the insurance won’t be so exorbitant.

Legal objections for the currency
The Reserve Bank Act does not prohibit the issuing of electronic money, only of Notes. So Rates Vouchers would have to be done electronically. Like Kiwibank’s Loaded Cards the Council owned bank could issue its own card with chips on which to load national currency and local currency.

The Method of Introduction is Gradual

Because it doesn’t have a “big bang” introduction where everybody is forced into a new system, the potential for chaos is greatly diminished.

By using contract law, it helps protect it from political meddling. Because the negotiating principles are enshrined in law, the details can be written as regulations, which can be regularly reviewed. So the teething problems are ironed out.

What happens if our council goes out of existence and ends up as part of a super council?
Sovereignty and nationhood is generally closely associated with the right to issue your own currency. Is a local authority like the Kapiti Coast District Council a sovereign entity? What if it was to become part of the Wellington Supercity? Provisions for this would have to be enshrined in law and this deserves further discussion.

Summary
We can stabilise land values, reduce our indebtedness, make banks safer, help small and medium sized businesses, even out rises and falls in property prices, help prevent inflation or deflation, move to a low carbon economy, make it much easier for people to buy their first home, and reduce poverty – all by the same simple action repeated thousands of times. Moreover we have now maximised the chance for resilience in the face of threat by moving away from a monopoly currency which, together with poor tax policies, has caused so many monetary, sovereign debt and bank crises. The local authority solution is easiest because local authorities already have their revenue tied to property value. This moves it to revenue tied to land rental value. Several birds are killed with one stone. The monetary and land issues are all dealt with together and the bonus is more wealth equality and a genuine start to environmental healing. If appropriate engagement of Maori is managed so that they trust councils more, local authorities that adopt this policy will be oases of prosperity and happiness in a time of high unemployment and misery.

It might sound too good to be true but this proposal does exactly that. The more it is implemented the more it will do all these things.

Since all of our strategies have to be against the background of a very unstable and volatile financial and political landscape – not to mention climatic, there will be an urgency to implement policies like this.

There will be many bumps on the way.

Deirdre Kent April, 2012, Otaki, New Zealand ph 06 364 7779 or 021 728 852. She has been in and out of green politics since the Values Party in 1975. The author of Healthy Money Healthy Planet – Developing Sustainability through New Money Systems, 2005, she co-founded and worked for Otaki Transition Town and Otaki Timebank. In late 2011 she co-founded the New Economics Party neweconomics.net.nz and wrote its website.

All comments, suggestions, information please contact the author at Ova e-mail adresa je zaštićena od spam robota, nije vidljiva ako ste isključili JavaScript . Her ideas are developed from conversations with Adrian Wrigley of systemicfiscalreform.com to whom she is deeply indebted. The two paragraphs on Maori have been written by Catherine Davis.]]>
Economics Thu, 03 May 2012 05:12:49 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2445-a-land-backed-currency-issued-by-a-local-authority#2445
Naslov: Money News - Proposal For A Karmic Currency - od: tuper http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2444-money-news-proposal-for-a-karmic-currency#2444 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2444-money-news-proposal-for-a-karmic-currency#2444 Proposal for a Karmic Currency

Anything which alters its environment to increase production of itself is playing the game of increasing returns. – Kevin Kelly, Out of Control

Source: www.webisteme.com/blog/?p=1398

I’ve been thinking for a while about introducing a currency into #PunkMoney, which would make it possible to account for value created between its users. Such a currency could, in theory, do a lot to help #PunkMoney scale, by encouraging participation through a positive feedback loop. After some weeks of thinking, I came up with a tentative solution which I’d like to develop here.

First of all, some groundwork. I’d like this currency to adhere to certain principles – explored elsewhere on this blog:

It must be tied to a social gesture

Like a +1 vote or a retweet, it will be created through a simple and effortless social gesture. In #PunkMoney terms, this is likely to be a thanks tweet created ad hoc, or in reply to a specific promise. [1]

It must be asymmetric, and therefore, abundance-based.

There should be no material cost associated with creating and awarding this currency to another user in the network. Its creation will not entail any further obligation or commitment from the issuer. [2]

It must be karmic

By ‘karmic’, I mean the principle of increasing returns. Receiving this currency will make it more likely that you will, in turn, receive value back from other users. In this way, the currency will enable effort, attention and resources to flow to the people according to merit, as determined by the network’s users.

It must be un-gameable

It should be impossible or impractical for any conspiring group to artificially award each other this currency, and divert the network’s value to themselves as a result.

It must support gradients of value

It should be possible to award the currency conveniently in different amounts to different users, based on the perceived value they have delivered.

It might seem like I have defined a wish list for something so perfect it could not exist. Certainly, if this problem were to be approached from a narrow monetary perspective, it would be completely intractable. There is no way money could be created by a user without an obligation or commitment backing it. I am however using ‘currency’ in a broader sense, to describe a trusted symbol in a network which acknowledges and shapes the flow of value through it. [3]

The approach I’ll develop uses some simple secondary school maths. It’s meant to outline the bare structure of a system which could work. No doubt a mathematician with a grasp of network theory could devise a more refined version of what follows. (If you are one, I’d be grateful for some feedback.)

Thanks as social gesture

As mentioned, the basic gesture which we will use to create this currency will be a #PunkMoney thanks tweet. The ‘thank you’ note can be created in two ways: by replying to a promise with

@someone thanks #punkmoney

or by creating a new tweet from scratch, for example

@someone thanks for the beer #punkmoney

This new functionality has already been added to the tracker, so this building block is already in place. In the proposal that follows, thanks basically stands for any gesture from X to Y which constitutes an acknowledgement of value created by Y. We can represent this as an edge between two nodes:

X -> Y

The approach will in fact be agnostic to the type of gesture used, as long as it means the same. All my examples will rely on the #PunkMoney thank you gesture as this is the context the currency is being defined for.

Perspectivalism

A naive approach would be to simply count the number of thanks a person received over a given time period, and represent this as a karma score. The basic problem with this is that it is trivial to game: just tweet someone a lot of thanks to inflate their score.

The solution is to take a perspectival approach. [4] According to this way of looking at things, no user in the network has an intrinsic score or balance which is the same to all other users. Instead, Y’s karma will look different depending on where you stand in relation to Y in the #PunkMoney network.

Let’s assume the following graph of A’s basic network. We arbitrarily normalise A’s karma to 100, representing the total amount of karma which will be shared out to users as A sends thanks to others.





In this thanks graph, we can calculate a perspectival karma score for every user from A‘s point of view, using some simple maths. Since A has sent two thanks, each of them is worth 50% of his starting balance of 100. As a result, A will see B and C‘s karma as 50 respectively (50% of 100.) Since B has thanked D and E, their karma will be equal to the product of the ratios (times 100) down the branch to either user. We also want karma to decay with distance, so that after a certain number of hops through a branch it fades out, rather than continues indefinitely. To achieve this, we can divide the ratio for each hop by its distance from the origin of the calculation, A.

In this case, D’s karma from A’s perspective can be calculated as follows,

KA->D = (1 x KA-> x (1/2 x KB->D) x 100

= (1 x 50%) x (1/2 x 50%) x 100

= 12.5

E’s karma from A’s perspective:

KA->E = (1 x KA-> x (1/2 x KB->E)

= (1 x 50%) x (1/2 x 50%) x 100

= 12.5

Finally, F will have a karma score equivalent to:

KA->F = (1 x KA-> x (1/2 x KB->F)

= (1 x 50%) x (1/2 x 100%) x 100

= 25

The defence against gaming is the subjectivity of a perspectival score. The karma a user has depends on the person who is looking at them, and their relationship to them. If a group of conspirators decided to award each other a lot of karma, they would form a closed loop. No other users would be connected to them, and hence, each conspirator’s karma would appear as zero to the rest of the network.

A different gaming strategy would be to first try and earn some thanks from other users in the network, and then to start artificially inflating the karma supply to some co-conspirators. On closer inspection, though, this is impossible because the supply of karma cannot be inflated: the more thanks a user create, the less karma each one confers. A user who wants to game the system could never give away more karma than they have in fact earned. Another way to put this is that total karma received is always equal or greater than karma awarded [5]:

kin <= kout

Karma

At the beginning of the post, I defined one of the principles this currency must adhere to as that of increasing returns. Receiving karma should make it more likely (in a non-trivial sense) that other users will want to provide value to them. Perhaps this value provision will take the form of fulfilling specific requests, or sending them new promises for things they might need.

To achieve this, we need the value of a person’s thanks to be proportional to the amount of karma they have. We’ve established that from A‘s perspective, F is the user with the highest karma score (50.) If our currency is karmic, and deserves to be called karma, it must be the case that when F thanks someone, it’s worth more to their karma score than when D or E (with 25 each) do.

This definition presents some issues. First of all, karma is perspectival, rather than an intrinsic property of a user. So a statement such as “F‘s thanks is worth more than E‘s thanks” needs to be qualified accordingly. There is no objective sense in which F‘s and E‘s thanks are worth anything: it’s only from the point of view of users connected to either F or E that those gestures mean something. However, to make sense of this statement we need a neutral way of comparing the value of F and E‘s thanks. We can do this by assuming a neutral observer O, who is connected to both F and E in the same way.

Let’s add O to the graph in relation to F:





In this graph, the theoretical user O (he doesn’t actually need to exist to make this point) can be connected to both F and E in exactly the same way: via a single thanks from either F and E, to him. That is, from A‘s point of view, the only factor which could create a difference in O‘s karma would be F and E‘s relationship to A, not to O.

Clearly, F‘s thanks to O is worth more to O than E‘s, from the perspective of A. Assuming F thanked O, O‘s karma from A‘s perspective is calculated as follows:

KA->O = (1 x KA->C) x (1/2 x KC->F) x (1/3 x KF->O) x 100

= (1 x 50%) x (1/2 x 100%) x (1/3 x 100%) x 100

= 8.25

In comparison, if E thanked O instead, his karma from A‘s perspective would be lower:





KA->O = (1 x KA-> x (1/2 x KB->E) x (1/3 x KE->O) x 100

= (1 x 50%) x (1/2 x 50%) x (1/3 x 100%) x 100

= 4.12

In other words, from the perspective of a neutral observer, it would be better to receive a thanks from F, in order to win favour with A, than it would E. This is significant because it establishes that this currency is karmic: due to F‘s better position than E, his thank you has more value. It’s more likely that O will want to help F, as a result of his relationship to A, all else being equal. Value flows according to merit.

Weighted thanks

The final constraint we defined for this currency was the ability to express gradients of value. I’d like to be able to send a thanks to person A for putting me up in their home for a night worth a hundred times the thanks I’ll send B for retweeting my blog post. This is also no problem given the definition outlined above.

In practical terms, instead of requiring a #PunkMoney user to send a hundred thank you tweets, we’ll allow them to add a number to the thank you note, for example:

“@someone thanks for putting me up +50 #punkmoney”

Now all we have to do is divide up the user’s karma proportionately. A single thanks will be worth 1/50th of this one. The total value will be equal to 100. Assuming two thanks, where one is worth 1/50th of the other, we simply adjust the ratios accordingly:





KA->C = 50 x KA->B
KA->B + KA->C = 100

50 x KA->B + KA->B = 100

KA->B = 100/51 = 1.96
KA->C = 100 – 1.96 = 98.04

Plugging these weighted ratios into the graph will allow us to take into account that A intended his thanks to B to be worth a great deal more, and to cause a greater impact on his karma score.

Conclusions

This defines the basic approach. As I mentioned before, it’s a bare structure which could probably be significantly improved upon, assuming its logic is sound. I’ve deliberately left out factors like time-decay, how to represent a user’s karma back to them, and the computational cost of calculating karma in a large, densely connected network. I’ll hopefully address those in a second post. In the meantime, I’d be grateful for feedback.

To summarise: the basic idea is to introduce a peer-to-peer accounting mechanism which is debt and commitment-free, but which helps to allocate value in a network efficiently, according to merit. If it worked, it might reasonably replace money in some situations. Karma would not have the full force of a monetary claim: having it only makes it more likely that a value will flow back to a user through incentives, but won’t guarantee it. Still, if it works the implications are good enough for #PunkMoney.]]>
Economics Thu, 03 May 2012 05:09:34 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2444-money-news-proposal-for-a-karmic-currency#2444
Naslov: Fighting Corruption In India - The Zero Rupee Note - od: tuper http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2443-fighting-corruption-in-india-the-zero-rupee-note#2443 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2443-fighting-corruption-in-india-the-zero-rupee-note#2443 Fighting Corruption In India - The Zero Rupee Note

The notes are identical to Indian banknotes, but carry the slogan "Eliminate corruption at all levels" and the pledge "I promise to neither accept not give bribe". Fifth Pillar believes the Zero Rupee note is a way for powerless people to make a stand. "The note is a way for any human being to say no to corruption without the fear of facing an encounter with persons in authority.





Vijay Anand is a crusader against corruption; as a co-founder and president of 5th Pillar, Anand has sought to empower Indians in tackling corruption at all levels of Indian society.

The Zero Rupee Note project has been one of 5th Pillar’s most successful initiatives, distributing millions of zero-denomination notes as tangible tokens of bribery.

Anand has spoken at the UN’s Convention Against Corruption, services on the board of the National Federation of Indian-American Associations and is also the founder of AIMS India Foundation, dedicated to assisting rural communities with education and healthcare.

Find out more about Vijay’s work at the 5th Pillar website (PDF link) or catch his talk, Combating Corruption, from the Poptech 2010 conference.


]]>
Economics Thu, 03 May 2012 04:59:14 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2443-fighting-corruption-in-india-the-zero-rupee-note#2443
Naslov: Local Currencies - Solution To Economic Problems - od: tuper http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2442-local-currencies-solution-to-economic-problems#2442 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2442-local-currencies-solution-to-economic-problems#2442 Local Currencies would also lower Exchange Rate

Press Release: New Economics Party

23 April 2012


If Government allowed local authorities to issue interest-free currencies, the New Zealand dollar would drop and jobs would be created, according to Deirdre Kent, a spokesperson for the New Economics Party.

She was responding to the Green Party’s call for the government to print money to lower the exchange rate. “While we applaud the Greens for addressing the elephant in the room, (our sovereign right to create our own money), doing it the way we suggest will also reduce unemployment and stimulate investment in green energy. If centralised monopoly money is created, the experiences in US and Europe have been that the new money just stays in banks.”

“The New Economics Party would amend the Reserve Bank Act to allow for local authorities to issue currencies, designed with a circulation incentive, she said. Only then would there be new liquidity for business investment. The new money would move fast to counter the sluggish economy.”

“We are in a period of extreme risk of global financial contagion and New Zealand is a very import dependent country. So let’s think outside the box and stop being so hidebound by imposing a monopoly currency,” she said. “The way to thrive is to create our own currencies at local authority level. Then we will truly have import substitution as businesses work to find ways of replacing expensive imports with something they can manufacture themselves. The natural clothing industry would boom, as would the part of the home building and insulation industry that uses local materials. As soon as we get genuine import replacement the current account deficit falls and there is no longer such pressure to import capital. Then the dollar drops.”

The solutions to New Zealand’s economic problems are not by importing or printing more money, but by creating different currencies to circulate smoothly at a local level, she said. They could be monitored to avoid overprinting.]]>
Economics Thu, 03 May 2012 04:44:13 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2442-local-currencies-solution-to-economic-problems#2442
Naslov: My thoughts on money - od: Angela http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2441-my-thoughts-on-money#2441 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2441-my-thoughts-on-money#2441

In 1971 the real link of printed banknotes to real value (the Gold Standard) was over. Since then, it allowed governements to create as much debt as needed, usually over-budget (at a deficit) in order to fund weapons surge, (trade) wars, and pay workers, the only ones producing real value, with mere, counterfeited paper.

It has also allowed for, and favoured, huge personal and state debt, financial activities in a large (10X) multiple of the real activities, thus devaluating savings, creating inflation, compressing the worth of labour and commodities (mostly) in the hands of undeveloped nations.

This is, in fact, a subtle modern form of slavery, pumping real worth from the hands of poor countries and middle class and blue-collars as well into those of the richest, creating disparity and an apparantly 'democratic' way to impose policies to people and on governments as well from the inner circles of the Central Banks.

Money, as known and used today, is no more worthy than opium used to make people believe that they hold real value, and can 'consume' it to their apparent benefit, while it is just a poor illusion and a temporary compensation to their existence.

The CROM as I see it represent a simply defined alternative mean of trade among free individuals worth their own time/ability, which recognizes the inner value of what is transacted, without being manipulated by anyone's agenda of official debt, limitless issuance, and underlying devaluation of a facial value.]]>
Economics Wed, 02 May 2012 13:16:58 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2441-my-thoughts-on-money#2441
Naslov: Various Medical And Industrial Equipment For Sale - od: administrator http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/8-opportunities/2439-various-medical-and-industrial-equipment-for-sale#2439 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/8-opportunities/2439-various-medical-and-industrial-equipment-for-sale#2439 Various Medical And Industrial Equipment For Sale

Thanks to Enrico Furia - member of Crom Alternative Exchange Association - and his activities on promotion of our worth appraisal and exchange system, we are entrusted by some companies to advertise the following sales on Crom Marketplace For Products And Services:

Mobile Operating Room Unit (3V) For Sale

Industrial Freezing Tunnel For Sale

We Sell Pizza Production Line Assy1 C53]]>
Opportunities Mon, 30 Apr 2012 13:31:34 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/8-opportunities/2439-various-medical-and-industrial-equipment-for-sale#2439
Naslov: Prodaje Se Razna Medicinska I Industrijska Oprema - od: administrator http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/30-prilike/2438-prodaje-se-razna-medicinska-i-industrijska-oprema#2438 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/30-prilike/2438-prodaje-se-razna-medicinska-i-industrijska-oprema#2438 Prodaje Se Razna Medicinska I Industrijska Oprema

Zahvaljujući članu Udruge Crom Alternativna Razmjena po imenu Enrico Furia, i njegovim aktivnostima na promociji našeg sustava za procjenu i razmjenu vrijednosti, neke su nam tvrtke povjerile da na Crom Tržnici Proizvoda I Usluga objavimo sljedeće oglase o prodaji:

Prodaje Se Mobilna Operaciona Sala - 3V

Prodaje Se Tunel Za Industrijsko Zamrzavanje

Prodaje Se Linija Za Proizvodnju Pizza Assy1 C53]]>
Prilike Mon, 30 Apr 2012 13:27:10 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/30-prilike/2438-prodaje-se-razna-medicinska-i-industrijska-oprema#2438
Naslov: Vendesi Vario Equipaggiamento Medico Ed Industriale - od: administrator http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/51-opportunita/2437-vendesi-vario-equipaggiamento-medico-ed-industriale#2437 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/51-opportunita/2437-vendesi-vario-equipaggiamento-medico-ed-industriale#2437 Vendesi Vario Equipaggiamento Medico Ed Industriale

Grazie a Enrico Furia - membro dell'Associazione Crom Scambio Alternativo - e le sue attività di promozione del nostro sistema di stima del valore e dello scambio, da parte di alcune aziende siamo stati incaricati di inserire seguenti annunci di vendita sul Crom Mercato Dei Prodotti E Servizi:

Vendesi Unità Mobile Sala Operatoria - 3V

Vendesi Tunnel Per Surgelazione Industriale

Vendesi Linea Produzione Pizza Assy1 C53]]>
Opportunità Mon, 30 Apr 2012 13:22:26 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/51-opportunita/2437-vendesi-vario-equipaggiamento-medico-ed-industriale#2437
Naslov: Lawsut - Largest Money Laundering Network In U.S. History - od: marc http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2436-lawsut-largest-money-laundering-network-in-us-history#2436 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2436-lawsut-largest-money-laundering-network-in-us-history#2436 Home Owners Across the Nation Sue All Bank Servicers and Their Offshore Havens; Spire Law Officially Announces Filing of Landmark Lawsuit

Largest International Money Laundering Network in History Formed During Obama Administration; U.S. Banks' Theft of Home Owners' Money Laundered Through Cayman Islands, Isle of Man and Numerous Offshore-Based Affiliates.

Largest International Money Laundering Network in History Formed During Obama Administration; U.S. Banks' Theft of Home Owners' Money Laundered Through Cayman Islands, Isle of Man and Numerous Offshore-Based Affiliates.

Press Release - 23 April 2012

NEW YORK, NY, Apr 23, 2012 (MARKETWIRE via COMTEX) -- In a lawsuit alleged to involve the largest money laundering network in United States history, Spire Law Group, LLP -- on behalf of home owners across the Country -- has filed a mass tort action in the Supreme Court of New York, County of Kings. Home owners across the country have sued every major bank servicer and their subsidiaries -- formed in countries known as havens for money laundering such as the Cayman Islands, the Isle of Man, Luxembourg and Malaysia -- alleging that while the Obama Administration was publicly encouraging loan modifications for home owners, it was privately ratifying the formation of these shell companies in violation of the United States Patriot Act, and State and Federal law. The case further alleges that through these obscure foreign companies, Bank of America, J.P. Morgan, Wells Fargo Bank, Citibank, Citigroup, One West Bank, and numerous other federally chartered banks stole hundreds of millions of dollars of home owners' money during the last decade and then laundered it through offshore companies. The complaint, Index No. 500827, was filed by Spire Law Group, LLP, and several of the Firm's affiliates and partners across the United States.

Far from being ambiguous, this is a complaint that "names names." Indeed, the lawsuit identifies specific companies and the offshore countries used in this enormous money laundering scheme. Federally Chartered Banks' theft of money and their utilization of offshore tax haven subsidiaries represent potential FDIC violations, violations of New York law, and countless other legal wrongdoings under state and federal law.

"The laundering of trillions of dollars of U.S. taxpayer money -- and the wrongful taking of the homes of those taxpayers -- was known by the Administration and expressly supported by it. Evidence uncovered by the plaintiffs revealed that the Administration ignored its own agencies' reports -- and reports from the Department of Homeland Security -- about this situation, dating as far back as 2010. Worse, the Administration purported to endorse a 'national bank settlement' without disclosing or having any public discourse whatsoever about the thousands of foreign tax havens now wholly owned by our nation's banks. Fortunately, no home owner is bound to enter into this fraudulent bank settlement," stated Eric J. Wittenberg of Columbus, Ohio -- a noted trial lawyer, author and student of US history -- on behalf of plaintiffs in the case.

The suing home owners reveal how deeply they were defrauded by bank and governmental corruption -- and are suing for conversion, larceny, fraud, and for violations of other provisions of New York state law committed by these financial institutions and their offshore counterparts.

This lawsuit explains why loans were, in general, rarely modified after 2009. It explains why the entire bank crisis worsened, crippling the economy of the United States and stripping countless home owners of their piece of the American dream. It is indeed a fact that the Administration has spent far more money stopping bank investigations, than they have investigating them. When the Administration's agencies (like the FDIC) blew the whistle, their reports were ignored.

The case is styled Abeel v. Bank of America, etc., et al. -- and includes such entities as ML Banderia Cayman BRL Inc., ML Whitby Luxembourg S.A.R.L. and J.P Morgan Asset Management Luxembourg S.A. -- as well as hundreds of other obscure offshore entities somehow "owned" by federally chartered banks and formed "under the nose" of the Administration and the FDIC.

Commenting further on the case, Mr. Wittenberg stated: "As if it is not bad enough that banks collect money and do not credit it to homeowners' accounts, and as if it is not bad enough that those banks then foreclose when they know they do not have a legally enforceable interest in the realty, we now learn that they have been operating under unbridled free reign given by the Administration and some states' Attorneys General in formulating this international money laundering network. Now that the light of day has been shined on it, I believe we can all rest assured that the beginning of the end of the bank crisis has arrived."

All United States home owners may have the right to bring a lawsuit of this kind if they paid money to a national bank servicer during the years 2003 through 2009.

One lawyer impacted by the corruption -- Mitchell J. Stein, who formerly represented the FDIC, the RTC and the FSLIC during the Savings and Loan scandal of the 1990s, and who predicted all of the foregoing in open court two years ago -- commented: "Two years ago, I remarked in open court to a Los Angeles Superior Court Judge, as well as to legislators including Senator Dianne Feinstein's office during a multitude of in-person meetings, that the ongoing violations of the Patriot Act by these financial institutions was outrageous and a breach of the public trust of unprecedented proportions," said Stein.

"The size and scope of this misconduct -- stretching to far-away islands never before having standing as approved United States Bank affiliates -- is remarkable and emblematic of what we have seen," he continued. "The bank crisis represents the height of corruption and brazen behavior where our historically trusted financial institutions have no qualms about breaking the law, because they have the Administration behind them. Banks do well enough when they operate lawfully without needing to be permitted to operate as criminal enterprises that steal money from United States citizens."

Additional plaintiffs' counsel Nicholas M. Moccia commented: "Having been in the trenches of the bank crisis for years, I always knew that the misconduct was being conducted by a network. When I started litigating against banks, however, I could have never imagined that it would be this extensive. I look forward to taking discovery of these thousands of obscure foreign entities and to obtaining for homeowners their constitutionally entitled injuries for this international ring of theft and deception."

Comments were requested from the Attorney Generals' offices in NY, CA, NV, and MA and the White House, but no comment was provided.

About Spire Law Group

Spire Law Group, LLP is a national law firm whose motto is "the public should be protected -- at all costs -- from corruption in whatever form it presents itself." The Firm is comprised of lawyers nationally with more than 250-years of experience in a span of matters ranging from representing large corporations and wealthy individuals, to also representing the masses. The Firm is at the front lines litigating against government officials, banks, defunct loan pools, and now the very offshore entities where the corruption was enabled and perpetrated.]]>
Economics Sun, 29 Apr 2012 06:20:34 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2436-lawsut-largest-money-laundering-network-in-us-history#2436
Naslov: Kerala- a destination of Tourists - od: McCullo http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/16-travel/2432-kerala-a-destination-of-tourists#2432 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/16-travel/2432-kerala-a-destination-of-tourists#2432 Kerala honeymoon trip is also famous among the newly-wed couples. There are a number of beautiful places in Kerala worth watching. Each place is known for its beauty and serenity.

One such place is the Muzhapilangad beach that is about 15 kms from Kannur and 8 kms from Thalasseri in North Kerala. The beach stretches across four kilometers of sand and is a drive-in beach where one can drive down the entire length. The main attraction of the place is that it is secluded, unexplored, calm and serene and brings one away from the hustle and bustle of the city. There are huge black rocks scattered across the long beach, which prevent deep currents. A tranquil pool of shallow waters is formed making it ideal for swimmers. The beach is fringed by palm grooves that provide shade from the tropical sun.

Another beautiful place is the backwaters of Alappuzha. Alappuzha is also known as the Venice of the East. The famous things in Alappuzha are the boat races, backwaters, beaches, marine products and the coir industry. Alappuzha beach is very famous among the tourists. A pier of over 137 years old extends into the sea. There are a number of entertainment facilities at the Vijaya Beach Park which add more attraction to the beach. Another major attraction in Alappuzha is the houseboat. They were originally used as means of transporting rice and spices. But now furnished houseboats are used by tourists for the purpose of site seeing.]]>
Travel Fri, 27 Apr 2012 15:39:01 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/16-travel/2432-kerala-a-destination-of-tourists#2432
Naslov: Pismo Ekonomskom Fakultetu Sveučilišta U Splitu - od: administrator http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/70-whats-new/2431-pismo-ekonomskom-fakultetu-sveuilita-u-splitu#2431 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/70-whats-new/2431-pismo-ekonomskom-fakultetu-sveuilita-u-splitu#2431 usred pripremanja materijala za sudjelovanje u nadolazećoj "Prvoj Međunarodnoj Konferenciji O Društvenoj Transformaciji" koja će se u vašem gradu održati početkom srpnja ove 2012 godine

cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/en/me...-transformaciji.html

surfajući po službenim stranicama organizatora, primjetio sam vašu instituciju među službenim partnerima

http://teslaconference.com/partners.html

Iako se u ovoj, jednoj od najtežih svjetskih društveno-ekonomskih kriza u povijesti čovječanstva, radi o toliko važnoj temi susreta kao što je neizostavna potreba za globalnom monetarnom reformom, nažalost pretraživanjem Googlea lako je ustanoviti da se osim naše udruge nitko drugi o tome nije udostojio informirati javnost.

Budući da u službenom opisu događaja čiji je originalni naziv "First International Social Trasformation Conference" stoji "International Money Currency Conference 2012 on alternative monetary systems", i s obzirom na proklamirane ciljeve konferencije te vaše prisustvo na listi partnera, a imajući u vidu da je Udruga Crom Alternativna Razmjena iz Pule itekako relevantan faktor na ovim prostorima kad se radi o monetarnoj reformi, između ostalog ne samo zbog obilnog informativno-obrazovnog materijala objavljenog na njenim stranicama već i zbog alternativnog sustava za procjenu i razmjenu vrijednosti pod nazivom "Sustav Alternativne Valute Crom" kojeg je pokrenula i čijim funkcioniranjem upravlja

http://cromland.cromalternativemoney.org

pitam se da li je moguće da se između nas izrodi bilo kakav oblik međusobne suradnje?

U očekivanju vašeg odgovora,
srdačan pozdrav.

--
27 travnja 2012
President
Duric Aljosa
Crom Alternative Exchange Association
cromalternativemoney.org]]>
What's New Fri, 27 Apr 2012 13:34:32 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/70-whats-new/2431-pismo-ekonomskom-fakultetu-sveuilita-u-splitu#2431
Naslov: Banka Biljnog Sjemena - Seed Savers Exchange - od: Dejo http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/77-farme-poljoprivreda/2426-banka-biljnog-sjemena-seed-savers-exchange#2426 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/77-farme-poljoprivreda/2426-banka-biljnog-sjemena-seed-savers-exchange#2426
Sjedište organizacije je farma smještena šest kilometara sjeverno od grada Decorah u saveznoj državi Iowa. Za razliku od Fort Knoxa, ova banka sjemena nije okružena sigurnosnom ogradom i čuvarima. 890 jutara zemlje prošarane blistavim potocima na kojoj je i stoljetna borova šuma, u neku ruku predstavlja živi muzej povijesnih biljnih sorti. Tisuće raznolikih vrsta biljaka uzgaja se na organskim poljima.

U sklopu farme su također vrtovi za očuvanje vrsta, povijesni voćnjak i drevni park za uzgoj stoke.

U organizaciji Seed Savers Exchange dobro znaju da budućnost našeg planeta ovisi o opskrbi genetski različitim vrstama hrane. Strategije i taktike kojima se koriste poljoprivredne biotehnološke industrije dijametralno su oprečne naporima koje ovi čuvari biljnog sjemena ulažu u ostvarenje svojih ciljeva i povećanje genetičke raznolikosti dostupne vrtlarima i farmerima što uzgajaju hranu kako za svoje obitelji, tako i za tržište.

Organizacija Seed Savers Exchange danas broji preko 13 tisuća članova.


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Farme - Poljoprivreda Tue, 24 Apr 2012 04:48:20 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/77-farme-poljoprivreda/2426-banka-biljnog-sjemena-seed-savers-exchange#2426
Naslov: Vjesnikovci Jel' Vam Žao, Stečaj Vam Se Primakao - od: roman http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/27-politika/2425-vjesnikovci-jel-vam-ao-steaj-vam-se-primakao#2425 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/27-politika/2425-vjesnikovci-jel-vam-ao-steaj-vam-se-primakao#2425
Narodne novine d.d. su kao vlasnik Vjesnika obznanile da je pokušaj prodaje jedinom ponuditelju za kupnju lista propao. S Fondom "Oak Investment Management Group" prekinuti su razgovori o mogućoj kupoprodaji i sad ne preostaje ni jedna druga opcija osim pokretanja stečajnog postupka, na što je uostalom i upozoren Robert Mekinić - aktualni vršitelj dužnosti direktora Vjesnika.

Isječak iz pisma zaposlenika: "Ovo što se dogodilo Vjesniku, posve smo sigurni, nezabilježeno je u povijesti novinarstva. Nakon 72 godine Vjesnik je u petak prestao izlaziti. Iza ove suhoparne i jednostavne rečenice krije se prava drama koju su zaposlenici Vjesnika morali prolaziti i to potpuno nepotrebno u posljednja četiri mjeseca. Svi mi zaposleni u Vjesniku u posljednja smo četiri mjeseca radili u nemogućim uvjetima potpune neizvjesnoti o sudbini tvrtke, a u isto vrijeme za taj rad nismo bili plaćeni. Ne možemo se oteti dojmu da je cijela drama bila potpuno nepotrebna. Vjesnik koji neprekidno izlazi 72 godine, ubijen je u samo nekoliko minuta, zašto"?

Vjesnik od subote izlazi samo u internetskom, a ne i u tiskanom izdanju jer je Tiskara Vjesnik odlučila prekinuti tiskanje lista pošto nije uspjela osigurati repromaterijal.

Direktor Tiskare Zlatko Šoštarić najavio je danas tužbu protiv Narodnih novina koje, kako tvrdi, odbijaju podmiriti troškove Vjesnika čije trenutno dospjelo dugovanje prema Tiskari iznosi 4,6 milijuna kuna.

Sindikat novinara Hrvatske (SNH) priopćio je danas da s najvećom zabrinutošću prati što se zbiva s Vjesnikom i s njegovim zaposlenicima, ustvrdivši da je politika Vjesnik dovela u teškoće pa ga politika iz tih teškoća mora i izvući.


Pouka: tko pod drugim jamu kopa, sam u nju upada, kaže stara poslovica. Zvjerinjak predstavljen na navedenom linku, popis je onih čija je prava misija, ovisno o potrebi i okolnostima, šutjeti, prikrivati ili preusmjeravati pažnju šire populacije s primarnog predmeta na dnevnom redu "novac, emisiona dobit i monetarna suverenost", na druge pojave, ciljeve, melodrame i posebno na ljubavnice veoma bliske i profitabilne bankarskom sustavu.]]>
Politika Mon, 23 Apr 2012 19:21:17 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/27-politika/2425-vjesnikovci-jel-vam-ao-steaj-vam-se-primakao#2425
Naslov: Sjeme Života I Slobode - The Living Seed Company - od: Gaja http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/77-farme-poljoprivreda/2422-sjeme-ivota-i-slobode-the-living-seed-company#2422 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/77-farme-poljoprivreda/2422-sjeme-ivota-i-slobode-the-living-seed-company#2422 Sjeme Života I Slobode - The Living Seed Company

U duhu sadnje sjemena mira, radosti, ljepote i hrane za ovaj svijet, Matthew i njegova zaručnica Astrid pokrenuli su Living Seed Company. Oni su uvjereni da je moć ljudi da zajednički uzgajaju hranu i raspolažu svojim vlastitim sjemenjem jedan od najboljih načina za postizanje kako unutarnjeg sklada, tako i globalnog prosperiteta.

Matthew i Astrid pozivaju zainteresirane da nauče nešto o projektu Living Seed Company i pokazuju kako razviti proces spremanja vlastitog sjemena.

Po pitanju hrane, Living Seed Company podržava prezervaciju genetičke raznolikosti kroz otvoreni uzgoj i distribuciju oprašenog sjemena, te edukaciju o životno afirmiranoj umjetnosti čuvanja sjemena.





"Poljoprivreda i sjeme omogućuju zadovoljavanje osnovnih potreba o kojima ovise naši životi. Taj temelj moramo zaštititi kao siguran i genetski stabilan izvor za buduće generacije. Mehanički prijenos genetskog materijala izvan okvira prirodnih reproduktivnih metoda predstavlja velike biološke rizike, kao i ekonomske, političke i kulturne prijetnje. Za dobrobit svih poljoprivrednika, vrtlara i potrošača koji žele alternativu, Living Seed Company se zalaže za poljoprivredni progres koji vodi prema zdravijoj zemlji, genetski raznolikim agrarnim ekosustavima, i u konačnici prema zdravijim ljudima i zajednicama".]]>
Farme - Poljoprivreda Mon, 23 Apr 2012 09:02:44 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/77-farme-poljoprivreda/2422-sjeme-ivota-i-slobode-the-living-seed-company#2422
Naslov: Koliko Je Hrvatska Zemlja Korumpiranih Ljudi? - od: moreplovac http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/27-politika/2416-koliko-je-hrvatska-zemlja-korumpiranih-ljudi#2416 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/27-politika/2416-koliko-je-hrvatska-zemlja-korumpiranih-ljudi#2416 Koliko Je Hrvatska Zemlja Korumpiranih Ljudi?

Često se posvuda po webu može naletjeti na tvrdnje da je Hrvatska totalno korumpirana zemlja.

Da financijska elita stvara novac iz ničeg, to dakako stoji, ali ja sam siguran 100% da mnogi od sumnjivaca ne primaju ni lipe od financijskih moćnika. Toliko lukavi prepredenjaci koji su cijeli svijet porobili, da plaćaju glupane da izigravaju glupane? Nemoguće! Plaćati pametnog čovjeka da izigrava glupana, to je naravno shvatljivo, ali trošiti novac na budalu da bi izigravala budalu, pa to je uzaludno bacanje para.

Zatvorim evo oči i bez po muke vidim Rothschilda kako nulu pretvara u milijardu, ali nikako mi u mislima ne dolazi slika u kojoj spomenuti gospodin pali novac a da od toga nema nikakvu korist.

Toliko je po meni u stvari Hrvatska korumpirana, puno ali zaista puno manje od onoga što se inače smatra.]]>
Politika Sun, 22 Apr 2012 18:38:59 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/27-politika/2416-koliko-je-hrvatska-zemlja-korumpiranih-ljudi#2416
Naslov: Vodič Kroz Lokalne Valute, Platne Sustave I Sustave Razmjena - od: roman http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/28-ekonomija/2414-vodi-kroz-lokalne-valute-platne-sustave-i-sustave-razmjena#2414 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/28-ekonomija/2414-vodi-kroz-lokalne-valute-platne-sustave-i-sustave-razmjena#2414 Vodič Kroz Lokalne Valute, Nekonvencionalne Platne Sustave I Sustave Razmjena

Lokalne valute, komplementarne valute, alternativne valute - Kako pokrenuti novi valutni sustav - Standardizacija valutnih sustava


Djetinjstvo je period divnih nepobjedivih snova. Što bi voljeli postati jednom kad narastemo, i u kakvom svijetu bi voljeli živjeti, želje su koje su tada ograničene samo duhom koji stoji iza tih ideja; a u svim mladim ljudima taj je duh beskonačan. Mogućnosti koje se pred našom budućnosti pružaju, čine se nepregledne.

Iako je svako od nas u konačnici proizvod svojih vlastitih odluka i unutarnjih izbora, kulturna atmosfera kojom odiše okružje svakako u velikoj mjeri određuje način na koji smo sposobni izraziti individualni karakter. Talentirani i sjajni tako ponekad znaju zaglaviti u tami i siromaštvu, a sramotni i zli ljudi često bivaju uzdizani kao poštovani pravednici. Dobri ljudi su nerijetko oslikani kao gadovi, a zlonamjernici bivaju cijenjeni kao sveci. Vremena u kojima živimo jako rijetko uspijevaju na iskreni način izraziti tko smo, što smo i kakvi smo zapravo.

Ljudska bića što bez dvoumljenja hrabro grabe naprijed ne prepuštajući kontrolu nad svojim sudbinama u tuđe ruke, primoravaju ambijente u kojima postoje na preispitivanje usvojenih principa. Međutim, najveći broj ljudi putuje kroz vrijeme posmatrajući događaje s tribina. Oni što plivaju uzvodno ili pokušavaju promijeniti smjer toka, obično su rijetki i zbunjujući za mase. Stoga se kao nešto što izlazi izvan krutih okvira na koje se naviklo, obilježavaju ekstremističkim epitetima. No povijest je puno puta pokazala i dokazala da je u odnosu na mnoge argumente, većina obično u krivu. Kao što ekstremist ne može biti onaj koji vjeruje u sve što mu je ispričala televizija, tako ekstremist ne može biti niti onaj koji ne vjeruje u bilo što što mu je ispričala televizija. Naš rok trajanja je kratak, obično ružan, ispunjen nepovoljnim okolonostima, katastrofama i bolnim trenucima. Zajednica u kojoj otvorene misli i slobodni duhovi neopterećeni predrasudama mogu istraživati, otkrivati i stvarati, jedino je društvo koje zaista može unaprijediti ljudski rod.


VODIČ KROZ LOKALNE, ALTERNATIVNE I KOMPLEMENTARNE VALUTE

"Dajte mi kontrolu nad stvaranjem i opskrbom novca država i nacija, i neće me zanimati tko i kakve zakone u njima kroji" - Mayer Amchel Rothschlid.

Sudbina valute je, i uvijek će biti, sudbina nacije! Svijet u kojem svi imaju jednaku priliku i mogućnost izbora, jedini je svijet koji ima čvrste noge na kojima može stajati.


Kako netko može razumjeti bilo što drugo, ako prvo ne razumije što je novac?
Novac I Mentalna Higijena
Novac, Banka I Financijska Enigma Monetarnog Sustava

Kako bi mogla izgledati ekonomija koja funkcionira dobro ne samo za 1% populacije, već i u interesu ostalih 99% ljudi?

Alternativna valuta (alternative currency), komplementarna valuta (complementary currency) i lokalna valuta (local currency ili community currency), sredstva su razmjene ili platna sredstva kroz koja se uspostavljaju, organiziraju i razvijaju ljudski odnosi. Iako danas u svijetu postoji više od 5 tisuća nekonvencionalnih - lokalnih, komplementarnih i alternativnih valutnih sustava - još uvijek nije prihvaćen univerzalni standard kojim bi se oni mogli kategorizirati. Njihov raspon varira od velikih i široko rasprostranjenih sustava, do novčanih sustava koji funkcioniraju u okvirima ulice ili susjedstva. Sve u svemu, čak je i mainstream ekonomiji do sada obavljeno zapanjujuće malo posla na polju različitih oblika novca i klasifikacijskoj shemi dizajnerskih izbora novčanih arhitektura.

Ekonomija Lokalnih Zajednica

Osim samim načinom stvaranja novca i metodom njegove distribucije, ekonomski razvoj lokalnih zajednica danas je također najčešće ugrožen i time što se ekonomska stabilnost lokalnih identiteta uglavnom narušava investiranjem napora lokalnih vlasti u izgradnju privlačnog ambijenta za strane investitore i velike multinacionalne korporacije, što kroz brojne birokratske povlastice rezultira otjecanjem kapitala izvan kruga lokalne ekonomije, uništavanjem lokalnih biznisa i gubljenjem postojeće poslovne infrastrukture. Lokalne zajednice u suočavanju s ekonomskim i društvenim krizama, u pravilu dužničke prirode, nisu primorane nemoćno promatrati tužnu sudbinu koja pogađa komunalne usluge, školske i predškolske ustanove, zdravstveni sustav, i slične stvari koje se danas smatraju za primarne potrebe. Temeljni problem - nedostatak novca, moguće je rješiti oslanjajući se na vlastite snage unutar lokalnih zajednica. Idealnu situaciju u tom smislu predstavlja pokretanje lokalne, komplementarne ili alternativne valute u kojem učestvuju i lokalne vlasti, no njihovo sudjelovanje u izgradnji novog ekonomskog modela ni u kom slučaju nije neophodno. Lokalni valutni sustav, komplementarni valutni sustav i alternativni valutni sustav, monetarni su ili drugim riječima novčani sustavi koji lokalnim zajednicama omogućuju ekonomski razvoj i društveni progres stvaranjem bogatstva i njegovom ravnomjernom raspodjelom unutar vlastitih teritorijalnih granica. Procvat lokalnog poslovnog prometa međutim nije plod koji se rađa sam od sebe, proširiti mrežu međusobne podrške u sredinama u kojima caruju banke i kompeticijska ekonomija, nije nimalo lako. Dijalog između čovjeka koji ima ideju o slobodi, i ljudi koji nemaju ideju o slobodi, u vidu "oslobodimo se dužničkog ropstva - ti si samo ljubomoran na našeg gospodara", redovna je i neizostavna pojava.

Ovaj korisni informacijski resurs, svakome može pomoći ne samo kao vodič u snalaženju kroz alternativne valute, komplementarne valute i lokalne valute; već i pri izboru najpovoljnijeg i najefikasnijeg alternativnog, komplementarnog i lokalnog valutnog sustava za primjenu u njegovoj lokalnoj zajednici, u svrhu izgradnje stabilnog i održivog društveno-ekonomskog modela.


Odabir Valute - Ključna Pitanja

- Ciljevi. Na osnovu ustanovljavanja prioritetnih potreba i raspoloživih resursa, uključujući i one do tada neiskorištene, zajednica određuje ciljeve koje je moguće ostvariti pokretanjem nekonvencionalnog valutnog sustava.

- Vrsta valute. Na osnovu upoznavanja s postojećim vrstama alternativnih, komplementarnih i lokalnih valuta, zajednica se odlučuje na izbor odgovarajuće vrste novca ili sama osmišlja svoj originalni inovativni novac.

- Organizaciona struktura. Unutar zajednice dolazi do formiranja tima ljudi koji će odgovorno administrirati valutnim sustavom, i raditi na njegovoj promociji i razvoju.

- Valutni mehanizam. Na osnovu utvrđivanja esencijalnih faktora kao što su pravila i odgovornost, vrijednost valute i pokriće valute, valutna rezerva, tečaj u odnosu na druge valute, postojanje kamata i njihova visina, način obavljanja transakcija, zajmovi, pokrivanje troškova i slično; zajednica se odlučuje na izbor nekog od postojećih nekonvencionalnih mehanizama za stvaranje i distribuciju novca, ili sama osmišlja svoju originalnu novčanu arhitekturu.


Postojeće Tipologije - Osnovna Klasifikacija

Svrha, osnovno sredstvo, funkcija, proces stvaranja novca, pokrivanje troškova.

Po specifikaciji "svrha", valute su podijeljene u sljedeće grupe: Zakonsko platno sredstvo, valute s komercijalnom namjenom, valute sa socijalnom namjenom.

Valute s komercijalnom namjenom su razvrstane u sljedeće podgrupe: B2B (business to business), B2C (business to consumer), C2C(consumer to consumer), C2B (consumer to business), hibridne forme.

Valute sa socijalnom namjenom su razvrstane u sljedeće podgrupe: Briga o starijim osobama, penzioneri, nezaposleni, edukacija, čuvanje djece, udruživanje u zajednicu, jačanje kulturnog identiteta, ekologija, ostale socijalne namjene, hibridne forme.

Po specifikaciji "osnovno sredstvo", valute su podijeljene u sljedeće grupe: Robni novac, kovanica, papirnati novac, elektronički odnosno digitalni novac, kombinacije osnovnih sredstava.

Po specifikaciji "funkcija", valute su podijeljene u sljedeće grupe: Opće sredstvo plaćanja, novac kao mjera za vrijednost, novac kao sredstvo razmjene, novac kao skladište vrijednosti.

Novac kao mjera za vrijednost je razvrstan u sljedeće podgrupe: Plaćanje u konvencionalnoj valuti, plaćanje u vremenskim jedinicama, plaćanje u fizičkim jedinicama.

Novac kao skladište vrijednosti je razvrstan u sljedeće podgrupe: Kamatonosne valute, valute neopterećene kamatama, valute s korisničkim naknadama, valute sa specifičnom vrijednošću izraženoj u vremenskim jedinicama, valute s istekom roka valjanosti, hibridne forme.

Po specifikaciji "proces stvaranja novca", valute su podijeljene u sljedeće grupe: Valute sa stvarnom pokrivenošću, osigurani krediti, neosigurani krediti, vaučeri otkupivi za konvencionalni novac, korporativni vaučeri, valute bazirane na lojalnosti klijenata, uzajamno kreditiranje, centralno izdavanje novca, hibridni procesi.

Po specifikaciji "pokrivanje troškova", valute su podijeljene u sljedeće grupe: Valute bez pokrivanja troškova, flat fee, transakcijske naknade, naplata kamata/naplata zakasnine/ostale naplate bazirane na vremenu, kombinacije.


Lokalne I Komplementarne Valute

U ekonomiji, pod lokalnom valutom se uobičajeno podrazumijeva oblik novca kojemu podloga nije nacionalna vlada, i kojemu podloga ne mora nužno biti zakonsko sredstvo plaćanja; a namijenjen je upotrebi na uskom prostoru.

Komplementarne valute predstavljaju oblik novca koji se koristi kao dodatak nekoj drugoj valuti, najčešće nacionalnoj valuti. Većina komplementarnih valuta su ujedno i lokalne valute.

Lokalne i komplementarne valute kroz cirkulaciju proizvoda i usluga koji su u tradicionalnom monetarno-financijskom sustavu inače neprodavljivi, te kroz zapošljavanje ljudi koji su u tradicionalnom monetarno-financijskom sustavu inače nezaposlivi, omogućuju zajednicama povezivanje potreba s inače neiskorištenim kapacitetima i resursima, i to bez podizanja poreza ili uvođenja novih nameta slične vrste. Hrana je odličan primjer kako i u kojoj mjeri lokalne i komplementarne valute mogu korisno poslužiti. Naime dok s jedne strane veliki broj ljudi doslovce umire od gladi, naše potrošačko društvo s druge strane baca ogromne količine proizvedene hrane samo zbog toga što za njenu distribuciju nedostaju monetarni instrumenti. Stvari slično stoje i kad su u pitanju nekretnine. Gradovi su danas prepuni napuštenih zgrada, praznih stanova i parcela. Kroz lokalne valute ili komplementarne valute, te bi se nekretnine mogle prodati, renovirati ili iznajmiti.

Potrebe kroz čije pokrivanje komplementarne i lokalne valute mogu iskazati puni potencijal alternativnog pogleda na ekonomiju, zaista su najraznolikijih oblika: Nezaposlenost, socijalna asistencija, pomoć neprofitnim organizacijama, potrebe u kulturnom sektoru, zdravstvena asistencija, razvoj lokalnog poslovnog prometa, potrebe ekološkog karaktera, odgoj i obrazovanje... Pomislimo samo na održavanje parkova, biblioteke, sigurnost, utočišta za siromašne, briga o napuštenim životinjama - koliko bi sve te stvari mogle bolje funckionirati da postoji novac kojim ih platiti.

Neiskorišteni resursi mogu se pronaći gotovo na svakom koraku. Svaki nezaposleni čovjek predstavlja neiskorišćeni kapacitet. Volonteri u neprofitnim udrugama i sličnim organizacijama također su neiskorišćeni kapaciteti koji kroz uključivanje u alternativne valutne sustave stiču mogućnost sudjelovanja u lokalnoj ekonomiji, odnosno zadovoljavanja ne samo svojih već i tuđih potreba - što dovodi do jačanja pozitivnog imidža lokalne valute u cirkulaciji; naime svima je drago koristiti usluge onih ljudi koji su korisni za cijelu zajednicu.

Širom svijeta postoje razne vrste komplementarnih i lokalnih valuta koje se međusobno razlikuju po namjeni, broju sudionika i karakteristikama unutar ove klasifikacijske sheme. Najpoznatiji primjeri komplementarnih valute su svakako 'WIR Bank' (Švicarska) i 'Social Money' (Argentina).

Komplementarna valuta Time Dollars koristi sate pruženih usluga kao pokriće na čijim osnovama stoji, a izdaje se putem uzajamnih kredita. Vrijeme odnosno radni sat svakog sudionika, vrednuje se jednako neovisno o tome radi li se o uslugama amatera i početnika, ili profesionalaca i stručnjaka.

RES je komplementarna valuta koja funkcionira u Belgiji. Ovaj sustav komplementarne valute broji oko 100.000 potrošača i 5.000 trgovaca. 1 RES vrijedi jedan euro.

Fureai Kippu ja japanski oblik nekonvencionalne valute koja unutar ekonomskog kruga kruži u elektroničkom obliku kao jedan sat pruženih usluga u sektoru brige o starijim i hendikepiranim ljudima. Fureai Kippu funkcionira kao naknada koja se isplaćuje onima što na razne načine poput odlaska u kupovinu i održavanja higijene, pomažu starijim i hendikepiranim osobama u mnogim stvarima koje nisu pokrivene nacionalnim sustavom zdravstvenog osiguranja.

BerkShares je primjer lokalne valute koji funkcionira na način da ljudi kupuju tu valutu po cijeni od 0,95 američkih dolara, a zatim je troše u radnjama lokalnih trgovaca. Trgovci zatim po istom tečaju zamjenjuju BerkShares za dolare.

Boya je lokalna valuta projekta 'Sustav Maia Maia Za Smanjenje Zagađenja Zraka (Maia Maia Emissions Reduction Currency System)'. Formula funkcioniranja je jednostavna: Svaka nova tona zagađenja oduzima globalnoj ekonomiji 100 dolara, dok 1 tona smanjenja zagađenja dodaje 100 Boya u lokalnu ekonomiju.

Ithaca Hour je najveći i najstariji sustav lokalne valute u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Jedan Itaka Sat u odnosu na američki dolar vrednuje se 10 dolara, a općenito se upotrebljava kao plaćanje za jedan sat rada. Primarni cilj projekta je promicanje lokalnog ekonomskog razvoja. Tvrtke koje primaju Itaka Sate troše ih na lokalne robe, proizvode i usluge, razvijajući tako mrežu podrške za lokalni biznis. Iako su poduzeća izvan granica lokalnog teritorija dobrodošla prihvaćati Itaka Sate, lokalnu valutu moraju trošiti na lokalne proizvode i usluge kako se ne bi narušavala ekonomska održivost. U svojoj misiji promicanja lokalnog gospodarskog razvoja, Upravni odbor također lokalnim poduzećima i neprofitnim organizacijama odobrava beskamatne kredite u Itaka Satima.

Perfektna valuta još uvijek nije izmišljena, a i budućnost u kojoj ljudi možda više neće upotrebljavati novac, također je veliki ekonomski, politički i kulturni upitnik. Bilo kako bilo, ovisno o tome kako je postavljen, svaki sustav lokalne valute ima svoje pozitivne i negativne strane. Ponekad se zna desiti i da se početna prednost nakon određenog perioda pretvori u manu. U izboru vlastitog sustava lokalne valute, imajući u vidu specifične okolnosti područja na kojem egzistira, zajednica prije svega mora ustanoviti kolektivne ciljeve i namjenu, ispitati količinu potreba i resursa koje tradicionalni novčani sustav iz raznih razloga nije u stanju zadovoljiti i iskoristiti, razmotriti uvjete po kojima bi lokalni sustav razmjene trebao funkcionirati, te rješiti pitanje pokrića valute. Nije naodmet napomenuti da pokretači to jest graditelji nove strukture, zovimo je kako god nam se sviđalo - novčani sustav, platni sustav, monetarni sustav, financijski sustav, ekonomski model, poslovni model, sustav razmjene; moraju dobro poznavati novac i njegove funkcije. Zatim se lokalna zajednica, ovisno o tome da li se odlučila za neovisni ili mehanizam kojemu je neophodna potpora banaka, vlade ili lokalnih vlasti odnosno skupe birokracije; posvećuje usvajanju nekog od već postojećih valutnih rješenja ili razvoju vlastite inovacije.


Zakonsko Sredstvo Plaćanja

Zakonsko platno sredstvo ili zakonska valuta, termin je koji se upotrebljava za zakonom ili pravnim sustavom proglašeno i/ili dopušteno valjano sredstvo plaćanja financijskih obaveza. U modernoj ekonomiji, sva su nacionalna i internacionalna zakonska sredstva plaćanja takozvani "fiat money", u prijevodu novac bez ikakvog materijalnog pokrića izdan u obliku kamatonosnog duga. U principu, radi se o jedinoj valuti koja se u nekoj zemlji službeno prihvaća za plaćanje dugova i poreza. Katastrofalno negativna karakteristika zakonskih valuta, a ta je da se putem privatnih centralnih banaka kao izdavaoca, kroz njihovo prisvajanje emisone dobiti u visini svog stvorenog novca i profita od kamata, u pozadini skriveno odvija transfer proizvedenog stvarnog bogatstva u smjeru od radne populacije prema financijskoj eliti, čime se cijela nacija baca u vječno dužničko ropstvo; izvorni je razlog same pojave velikog broja komplementarnih i lokalnih valuta. Iz navedenog je poprilično lako zaključiti da je lokalna valuta koja funkcionira kao komplementarna valuta, odnosno kao suplement zakonskom sredstvu plaćanja, apsolutno preferirana od strane službene ekonomije i kao takva puno više podržavana u širenju popularnosti za razliku od lokalnih valuta koje funkcioniraju kao alternativne valute, odnosno kao zamjena za zakonska platna sredstva, a koje su nerijetko minirane zlonamjernom propagandom.


Valute S Komercijalnom Namjenom

B2B (business to business)

Termin B2B - od biznisa prema biznisu, odnosi se na elektroničko poslovanje između poduzeća kroz komercijalne transakcije, poput na primjer između proizvođača i veletrgovca, ili između veletrgovca i prodavača na malo. U ovom ekonomskom modelu dizajniranom u komercijalne svrhe, u kojeg spadaju sve takozvane 'komercijane barter valute', valuta se koristi kao jedinica razmjene. Njenom upotrebom se olakšava razmjena proizvoda, usluga i informacija na liniji proizvođač - dobavljač - kupac, i pridonosi smanjenju poslovnih troškova. Broj korporativnih i komercijalnih kompanija u svijetu koje pružaju uslugu barter razmjene, približava se znamenci 4000, a inače ih najviše funkcionira na teritoriju Sjedinjenih Američkih Država. Procjenjuje se da je u 2010 godini, na globalnom nivou, otprilike 400.000 poduzeća koja sudjeluju u barter razmjenama sklopilo poslove u vrijednosti od 12 milijardi dolara.


B2C (business to consumer)

Termin B2C - od biznisa prema potrošaču, koristi se za odnose na području aktivnosti prodaje i asistencije koje komercijalna tvrtke uspostavljaju sa svojim klijentima. Volumen B2C transakcija je općenito puno manji od volumena B2B transakcija; razlog leži u tome što su B2C transakcije prodaje gotovih proizvoda, a B2B je proces obavljanja transakcija u kojeg je uključen cijeli opskrbni lanac.

Prihvaćanjem B2C lokalne ili komplementarne valute, građani podržavaju lokalna poduzeća. Mnoge tvrtke prakticiraju B2C oblik komplementarne ili lokalne valute kako bi povećale obim trgovanja. Kao primjer mogu poslužiti avionske kompanije koje izdaju "flyer miles", supermarketi koji izdaju "clubcards", ili knjižare koje izdaju "book tokens", a u upotrebi nisu rijetki niti svakojaki vaučeri ili kuponi za popust. Ovakve vrste valuta su najčešće denominirane u jedinicama koje su jednake nacionalnim valutama, što ih čini jednostavnim za upotrebu kako za poduzeća, tako i za kupce.


C2C (consumer to consumer)

Termin C2C - od potrošača prema potrošaču, odnosi se na platni sustav koji omogućuje potrošačima da međusobno interagiraju jedni s drugima. Za razliku od tradicionalnih tržišta u sklopu kojih potrošač kupuje proizvod ili uslugu od poduzeća, poslovni model 'consumer to consumer' predstavlja ambijent u kojem potrošači između sebe jedni drugima prodaju robu i usluge. Tipičan primjer sustava C2C su online aukcije, među kojima se po broju korisnika i volumenu trgovanja ističe eBay.

C2C model trgovanja od potrošača prema potrošaču, jednostavno je implementirati u okviru lokalne zajednice u svrhu sigurnog trgovanja osobnih proizvoda i usluga kroz komplementarni novac ili lokalni novac. C2C model je okarakteriziran kao trgovanje putem posrednika.


C2B (consumer to business)

C2B - od potrošača prema biznisu, posebni je oblik trgovanja u kojem potrošači po nekoj određenoj cijeni nude vlastite proizvode i usluge poduzećima. Odgovara li im ponuda, poduzeća dakle kupuju proizvode i usluge od potrošača, što je potpuna suprotnost tradicionalnom modelu poslovanja B2C u kojem potrošači kupuju od poduzeća.

Dvije trećine svjetskih Internauta danas koristi social media, Facebook koristi jedan od svakih devet ljudi na planeti, YouTube mjesečno generira skoro sto milijardi pregleda stranica, a tu su i prosječnih 250 milijuna tweetova dnevno. Dodamo li još i Google Adsense te afilijacijske programe kao što je Amazon, naveli smo najilustrativnije primjere C2B sheme. Oglašavanje bannera, tekstualni oglasi i čitav spektar raznih promotivnih instrumenata, uključujući platforme poput foruma i blogova, klasične su metode poslovnih aktivnosti na relaciji potrošač prema biznisu.

"STRO - Social Trade Organization", razvila je inovativni sustav "C3 - Consumer And Commerce Circuits" i uvela ga ne samo u Amsterdamu već i na mnogo široj razini od nacionalne - preciznije u Urugvaju, Južnom Brazilu i El Salvadoru. Radi se o sistemu čije se funkcioniranje bazira na Internetu. Uz neka osnovna pravila koja garantiraju solidne performanse, potrošači uz popust koji varira između 1 i 10%, konvencionalnim novcem od C3 mreže kupuju komplementarnu valutu - vaučere, čime se ohrabruju i ostali ljudi da se priključe sudjelovanju o toj mreži. Vaučerima se zatim kupuju proizvodi i usluge što ih članovi mreže nude u svojoj ponudi. Osim što se njima mogu obavljati plaćanja između sudionika, vaučere je uz nisku naknadu moguće i unovčiti. Korištenjem "C3 - Consumer And Commerce Circuits" sustava, tvrtke se probijaju do kupaca koje inače ne mogu zadobiti. Akumuliranim konvencionalnim novcem upravlja lokalna banka koja ga koristi za ponudu low-cost financiranja članovima ili projektima. Potrošači za lojalnost dobivaju popuste, a osim toga pomažu i kod donošenja odluka o načinima na koje se njihov novac u zajednici investira. Sva poduzeća i potrošači ravnopravno jednakim pravom glasa učestvuju u upravljanju sustavom.


Hibridne Forme

Mnoge lokalne valute i komplementarne valute funkcioniraju kao kombinacije gore navedenih sustava, ili je pak metoda njihovog izdavanja i distribucije rješena na neki neuobičajeni način, pa se stoga moraju svrstati u kategoriju 'hibridnih oblika'. Jedan od takvih primjera je WAT - sistem razvijen u Japanu, unutar kojeg u papirnatoj formi cirkulira valuta čija se vrijednost uspoređuje s električnom energijom i vremenom: 1 Wat = 1 kWh električne struje = 6 minuta uloženog ljudskog rada.


Valute Sa Socijalnom Namjenom

Briga O Starijim Osobama

'Briga o starijim osobama' je lokalna ili komplementarna valuta koja spada u valute sa socijalnom namjenom. Jednu od prvih komplementarnih valuta nakon 2 svjetskog rata koncipirale su žene u Japanu 1950 godine, sa svrhom pomaganja starijim i hendikepiranim osobama i djeci. Japanske žene su također 1978 godine pokrenule prvu "Banku Dobrovoljnog Rada", prototip koji se kasnije kao Banka Vremena pojavio i u zapadnim zemljama, osobito u Americi i Velikoj Britaniji.


Umirovljenici

'Umirovljenici' su također komplementarna valuta ili lokalna valuta koja je svrstana među valute sa socijalnom namjenom. Neke od prvih Time Dollar (Vremenski Dolar) nekonvencionalnih ekonomskih modela u Americi, Edgar Cahn je uveo po staračkim domovima i tako počeo podsticati aktivnosti međusobnog pomaganja između penzionera, što je rezultiralo jačanjem osećaja zajedništva.


Nezaposlenost

I 'nezaposlenost' je klasificirana kao komplementarna ili lokalna valuta sa socijalnom namjenom. Na primjer, prvi LETS sustavi pokrenuti u Kanadi 1982 godine, za cilj su imali rješavanje problema nestašice novca u područjima s visokim postotkom nezaposlenih ljudi. Tijekom cijele američke povijesti, građani su koristili lokalne valute kako bi zadovoljili svoje potrebe kroz lokalne biznise. Prije Građanskog rata, postojalo je više tisuća raznovrsnih lokalnih valuta, a Velika depresija je označila njihov trijumfalni comeback kad su ih nezaposleni ljudi počeli naveliko koristiti. Slična situacija se odigrala i u Argentini kad je država bankrotirala, a isto se i dan danas ponavlja širom svijeta od kad je 2007 eksplodirala najveća financijska kriza u povijesti čovječanstva.


Edukacija I Obrazovanje

Sljedeći primjer nekonvencionalnih valuta sa socijalnom namjenom predstavlja 'edukacija i obrazovanje'. Unutar sustava "MUSE system - Mutual Unit for Sustainable Education" cirkulira komplementarna valuta dizajnirana na način da podstiče učenje i podučavanje mladih ljudi. Community Service Dollar (C$D) kojeg je razvila neprofitna fondacija Skaggs Island, omogućuje plaćati na rate školovanje, javne usluge i porez. Brazilski "Saber" je komplementarna valuta koja se besplatno dijeli učenicima koji je zatim koriste za kupnju obrazovanja jedni od drugih.


Čuvanje Djece - Babysitting

'Čuvanje djece' je još jedna vrsta valute sa socijalnom namjenom. Postoji duga tradicija manje-više formalnih lokalnih grupa za babysitting koje sačinjavaju porodice što jedne drugima po potrebi vode brigu o djeci. U Nizozemskoj na nacionalnoj razini putem Interneta funkcionira sustav “Care Miles”. Orijentiran je prema pomaganju milijunima porodica koje imaju problema s pristupom centrima za brigu o djeci. "Baby-Bucks" je komplementarna valuta organizacije OakenExchange, kooperativne zajednice za brigu o djeci u Baltimoru. Obitelji koje se odluče sudjelovati, pridruživanjem dobivaju 40 baby-bucksa. Valuta se bazira na vremenu, vrijednost jednog baby-bucksa je 15 minuta, tako da 1 sat čuvanja djece košta 4 baby-bucksa, ili otprilike 4 dolara. Sudionici zarađuju dodatne iznose za kuhanje i slične izazove.


Udruživanje U Zajednicu

I 'udruživanje u zajednicu' je također oblik valute sa socijalnom namjenom. Logična posljedica povezivanja dugačke liste nezadovoljenih potreba s neiskorištenim resursima je poticanje na brže udruživanje u jače i efikasnije lokalne zajednice. Za razliku od modernih transakcija u današnjem komercijalnom svijetu, lokalne valute i komplementarne valute pružaju mogućnost susjedima da jedni druge puno bolje upoznaju i umjesto odnosa međusobne kompeticije razviju odnose međusobne kooperacije. Banke vremena i LETS sustavi, svakako su najpoznatiji predstavnici ove vrste valuta sa socijalnom namjenom. Ulagati u lokalnu valutu odnosno community currency znači ulagati u dugoročno zdravlje lokalne zajednice, a time i u vlastitu sreću i sigurnost. "Sharehood" je australski sustav koji za cilj ima izgradnju radosnih, održivih i elastičnih lokalnih zajednica poticanjem ljudi da upoznaju svoje susjede i međusobno dijele resurse. Svaki novi sudionik dobija 250 "samara", a online račun je limitiran donjom granicom od nule i gornjom granicom od 500 samara.


Jačanje Kulturnog Identiteta

'Udruživanje U Zajednicu' je isto lokalna ili komplementarna valuta koja spada u valute sa socijalnom namjenom. Između ostalog, jedan od razloga uspostavljanja nekonvencionalnih valutnih sustava je i jačanje osećaja pripadnosti nekoj zajednici ili određenom području. Mnoge komplementarne i lokalne valute nastoje na neki način simbolizirati karakteristike lokalnih identiteta, noseći na sebi povijesne osobenosti ili na primjer biljke. Novčanica Ithaca Hours tako ima logo u sklopu kojeg stoji natpis "U Itaku Vjerujemo".


Ekologija

Još jedan oblik komplementarnih i lokalnih valuta sa socijalnom namjenom je i 'ekologija'. U posljednje vrijeme, primjena lokalnih i komplementarnih valuta u ekološke svrhe je sve popularnija. Jedan od primjera je sustav "NU smart card" u upotrebi u Rotterdamu, koji funkcionira na način da se ljudi punjenjem pametne kartice zelenim poenima nagrađuju za ekološko ponašanje poput korišćenja javnog prijevoza, korišćenja alternativnih izvora energije i slično. Ti se zeleni poeni mogu iskoristiti za dobivanje popusta u okviru sličnih aktivnosti, čime se stvara dvostruki poticaj ponašanju na ekološki odgovoran način.


Ostale Socijalne Namjene

U ovom vodiču kroz lokalne, komplementarne i alternativne valute, spomenuti su samo neki nekonvencionalni valutni sustavi sa socijalnom namjenom. Listi specifičnih socijalnih funkcija u svrhu kojih se mogu implementirati alternativni oblici novca, gotovo da nema kraja. Iz tog razloga, jedan dobar dio svih postojećih komplementarnih i lokalnih valuta naziva se "social money", "social currency" i "social credit", ili u prijevodu i alternativni novac, i alternativa novcu.


Klasifikacija Valuta Po Specifikaciji "Osnovno Sredstvo"

Robni Novac - Commodity Money:

Povijest je upoznala zaista široki spektar raznoraznih formi robnog novca. Tijekom 2 svjetskog rata, zarobljenici su u logorima kao novac koristili cigarete. U prošlosti se kao valuta upotrebljavala čak i marihuana, no za robni novac su se najčešće uzimali plemeniti metali kao zlato i srebro, tekstil, sol, razne rukotvorine, domaće životinje...


Kovanice

Kovanica je precizno određena masa tvrdog materijala otpornog na habanje, koja se uz određene standarde proizvodi u velikim količinama kako bi se olakšala trgovina i platni promet. Iako znaju biti izrađene i od sintetičkih materijala, kovanice su uglavnom napravljene od metala i imaju kružni oblik. U današnje vrijeme u kojem se neporeciva činjenica da je cijeli svijet bankrotirao nastoji sakriti izdavanjem astronomskih količina virtualnog elektronskog kreditnog novca, plaćanje kovanicama kao nečim što je po samoj svojoj prirodi opiljivo rukama - malo pomalo se širom globusa zabranjuje zakonom.


Papirnati Novac

Iz razloga što se lako proizvodi, što su troškovi njegove proizvodnje niski, a i pogodan je za nošenje i rukovanje, papirnati novac je do nedavno bio najrasprostranjenija forma novca. Novčanica međutim ima i neke nedostatke, naime relativno ju je lako krivotvoriti, a i slabo je otporna na habanje. U današnje vrijeme u kojem se neporeciva činjenica da je cijeli svijet bankrotirao nastoji sakriti izdavanjem astronomskih količina virtualnog elektronskog kreditnog novca, plaćanje novčanicama kao nečim što je po samoj svojoj prirodi opiljivo rukama - malo pomalo se širom globusa zabranjuje zakonom.


Elektronski Novac

Elektronski novac ili digitalni novac kako se još naziva, danas je najrasprostranjenija forma novca. U teoriji elektronski novac je neuništiv, uglavnom se proizvodi klikovima kompjuterskog miša, a troškovi njegove proizvodnje su gotovo ravni nuli čime emisiona dobit postaje sto postotna. Baš kao što je najveći dio konvencionalnog novca u posljednjih četrdesetak godina postao elektronski novac, tako su i alternativne valute, i komplementarne valute i lokalne valute poprimile formu kompjuterskih bitova. Transakcije digitalnim novcem, najčešće se naravno obavljaju putem Interneta, privatnih kompjuterskih mreža, i bankomat odnosno kreditnih kartica.


Kombinacije Osnovnih Sredstava

Kombinacija različitih vrsta osnovnih sredstava pruža maksimalnu fleksibilnost. Jedna te ista valuta tako može postojati u različitim formama, što je najčešći slučaj kod nacionalnih valuta koje cirkuliraju u opticaju i kao elektronički novac, i kao papirnate novčanice, i kao metalne kovanice. Kombinacija različitih vrsta osnovnih sredstava je idealno rješenje jer se prednosti pojedine novčane forme mogu prilagoditi specifičinm aplikacijama valute.


Klasifikacija Valuta Po Specifikaciji "Funkcija"

Lokalne i komplementarne valute postoje kako bi se realizirali specifični ciljevi različitih lokalnih identiteta. Iz tog razloga, mnoge od tih valuta su osmišljene na način da se kroz njih razdvajaju osnovne funkcije novca tako što se ovisno o potrebama, lokalni novac primjenjuje u svrhu vršenja samo jedne od nekoliko postojećih mogućih funkcija novca.


Novac Kao Opće Platno Sredstvo

Čovjek koji je za nešto primio novac čija intrizična vrijednost odgovara nominalnoj, plaćen je onog trenutka u kojem je primio novac. Čovjek koji je za nešto primio novac zanemarive intrizične vrijednosti s natpisom "Plaća donosiocu" ili bez njega, plaćen je u prvom slučaju obećanjem da mu je uvijek garantirana sto postotna isplata u onome što po službenoj definiciji navedeni novac predstavlja, dok je u drugom slučaju plaćen ulaganjem vlastitog povjerenja u neopadanje kupovne moći nominalne vrijednosti primljenog novca.


Novac Kao Mjera Za Vrijednost

Vrijednost je uvijek rezultat nekog procesa vrednovanja. U procesu vrednovanja uspoređuje se značenje dva proizvoda ili dvije usluge iz perspektive pojedinca koji procjenjuje vrijednost. No sve dotle dok djeluju kao jedna cjelina, procjenitelj vrijednosti može biti i grupa ljudi, obitelj ili država. Unutar neke neprofitne udruge na primjer, svima neka humanitarna akcija ili prosvjed može isto vrijediti, no za svakog pojedinca cigarete, nova jakna, motocikl ili računala imaju različitu vrijednost.

Mjera za vrijednost je funkcija novca u kojem je on prihvaćen kao zajednički denominator, precizno definirani standard po kojem se mjeri vrijednost svih roba, dobara, proizvoda, usluga i aktivnosti. Ne samo sirovine, već osobni dohoci, iznajmljivanja i sve vrste plaćanja izražavaju se u novčanim terminima. Svakako najpoznatiji oblik novca kao mjere za vrijednost je zlatni novac. Ako se vrijednosti svih roba i proizvoda počnu mjeriti u vremenu, i posljedično izražavati u satima, onda će vrijeme postati mjera za vrijednost i posljedično univerzalni ekvivalent. Govoreći o novcu kao o mjeri za vrijednost, valja imati na umu da je povijest upoznala i fiksne i varijabilne mjere.

Novac koji služi kao mjera za vrijednost, ali iz raznih razloga uglavnom zakonske prirode - nije novac i nije u uporabi - zove se "obračunska jedinica".


Novac Kao Sredstvo Razmjene

Sredstvo razmjene je najvažnija funkcija svih onih valuta koje nemaju ulogu mjere za vrijednost, što se posebice odnosi na najveći dio svih postojećih alternativnih valuta, lokalnih valuta i komplementarnih valuta koje se kao na mjeru za vrijednost oslanjaju na nacionalne valute, iz čega se rađa velika kontradikcija budući da vrijednost nacionalnih valuta koje izdaju banke a ne države, kako mjera nigdje ničim nije definirana, slovima i brojkom iznosi nula odnosno 0.

Dakle, dok se novac s funkcijom mjere za vrijednost upotrebljava za mjerenje vrijednosti, sredstvo razmjene se koristi za prijenos vrijednosti. Stoga jedna vrsta novca može služiti kao sredstvo razmjene, a druga kao mjerilo vrijednosti. Pa ipak, iako mjerimo u jednim terminima, a plaćamo u drugim, ove dvije funckije novca su međusobno ovisne jedna o drugoj. Sredstvo razmjene bi bilo beskorisno da ne postoji neko zajednički usvojeno sredstvo koje na njega ima učinak.


Novac Kao Skladište Vrijednosti

U teoriji, kad bi kružio dovoljnom brzinom, jedan jedini dolar bi bio dovoljan da se njime obavljaju sva plaćanja na zemaljskoj kugli. U modernim vremenima, populacija nema problema s razumijevanjem novca kao sredstva za razmjenu, međutim, situacija se bitno mijenja kad je u pitanju razumijevanje funkcioniranja novca kao skladišta vrijednosti. Bankari, političari, ekonomisti i analitičari koji se pojavljuju na nacionalnoj televiziji i u štampi, izbjegavaju spominjati ovu važnu ulogu koju novac igra u našem monetarnom i financijskom sustavu. Razlog vjerojatno leži u tome što ta funkcija podrazumijeva da novac tijekom dužeg perioda konstantno održava svoju kupovnu moć.

U davnim vremenima, ljudi su najbolji način za zaštitu svoje imovine od poreza i razbojnika pronašli u konverziji bogatstva u novac ili nakit. Danas kad vlade i zakoni svim ljudima garantiraju sigurnost posjeda njihove imovine, nema te isprike kojom bi se mogla opravdati činjenica da je moderni novac za razliku od nekih drugačijih vrsta bogatstava - jako loše skladište vrijednosti. Na primjer, američki dolar je 100% svoje kupovne moći izgubio u stotinjak, a euro u samo nekoliko godina.


Novac Kao Mjera Za Vrijednost - Podgrupe

Plaćanje U Konvencionalnoj Valuti

Prednost komplementarnih i lokalnih valuta koje se oslanjaju na konvencionalnu nacionalnu valutu kao na mjeru za vrijednost, a velika većina lokalnih i komplementarnih valuta je upravo tog tipa, ogleda se u tome što njihovom upotrebom tvrtke i trgovine ne moraju koristiti višestruke sustave cijena - na primjer jedna cijena za biciklu u eurima, a druga u lokalnoj valuti. Velika mana ove opcije je ta što takve lokalne i komplementarne valute dijele sudbinu nacionalnih valuta, odnosno podložne su inflaciji i svim ostalim rizicima koje u sebi nose nacionalne valute s kojima su povezane.


Plaćanje U Vremenskim Jedinicama

Valutni sustavi u kojima iza valute kao mjera za vrijednost (obračunska jedinica) stoji vrijeme, općenito se nazivaju banke vremena ili vremenske banke (time bank). Vrijeme kao valuta ima najviše smisla kad se unutar sustava uglavnom odvija plaćanje usluga. Neki sustavi funkcioniraju na način da se vrijeme svih sudionika vrednuje jednako, a u nekima članove sustava ništa ne priječi da svoj radni sat naplaćuju više od 60 minuta - klasični primjer je razlika između nekvalificiranog radnika i visoko osposobljenog stručnjaka.

Ako nacionalna valuta propadne ili jako izgubi svoju vrijednost, posljedice se neće odraziti na vremensku valutu. Međutim, vrijeme kao valuta i nije baš najbolje prihvaćeno u poslovnom svijetu, a razlog tome leži u procjeni vrijednosti i izražavanju cijena - koliko sati za litru benzina? Neki valutni sustavi pristupili su ovom izazovu na način da je vrijednost vremenske jedinice ekvivalentna određenoj vrijednosti nacionalne valute; tako na primjer 1 Itaka Sat odgovara iznosu od 10 dolara.


Plaćanje u Fizičkim Jedinicama

Karakteristične prednosti i mane komplementarnih i lokalnih valuta koje se kao na mjeru za vrijednost oslanjaju na fizičke jedinice poput kilograma, unca ili kilometara, slične su karakterističnim prednostima i manama vremenskih valuta.

Iz nekog "nepoznatog" razloga, nacionalna valuta to jest konvencionalni novac, nigdje ničim nije definiran u odnosu na primarnu karakteristiku svake vrste novca - koliko čega vrijedi. Uprkos tome što se po hrvatskoj Wikipediji o inflaciji zna jako mnogo ali ipak nedovoljno da bi se ona mogla izliječiti; općenita definicija pljačke i krađe je ta da se radi o kaznenom djelu permanentnog oduzimanja neke vrijednosti od nekoga, uglavnom obmanom ili upotrebom sile. Ovisno o tome kako su postavljeni, neki valutni sustavi u kojima se kao mjera za vrijednost koristi fizička jedinica, divno ukazuju na to da inflacija i nije baš toliko neobjašnjiva misterija - određena valuta je tako za razliku od konvencionalnog novca gram srebra i danas, i sutra i za deset ili sto godina.

Neke od valuta u kojima određena fizička jedinica predstavlja vrijednosnu jedinicu, omogućuju dakle stvarnu fizičku povezanost novca i proizvoda i usluga što se unutar lokalnog ili komplementarnog kruga kupuju i prodaju. Ako većina proizvoda u cirkulaciji predstavlja tipičnu karakteristiku nekog područja, onda se taj proizvod može uzeti za bioregionalnu valutu te oblasti.

U Osaki, gdje se drveni ugljen na veliko proizvodi i konzumira, formula bioregionalne valute je da se jedan gram drvenog ugljena smatra ekvivalentom za 1 yen. U Yokohami, valuta "Leaf" se bazira na žitaricama. Valuta Wara koja se upotrebljavala u Njemačkoj dvadesetih i tridesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, bila je denominirana u kilogramima ugljena.

U ovu vrstu lokalnih i komplementarnih valuta također spadaju prije spomenute "Airline Mile system" (avionske milje) i WAT (električna energija).


Novac Kao Skladište Vrijednosti - Podgrupe

Kamatonosne Valute

Jedan od načina na koje lokalni i komplementarni valutni sustavi mogu potaknuti sudionike na skladištenje vrijednosti u obliku novca je plaćanje kamata. Tipičan primjer kamatonosne valute je nacionalna valuta, novac koji se stvara zaduženjem prema bankama. Međutim, kad je riječ o skladištenju vrijednosti, onda treba imati u vidu da se pod time ne podrazumijeva smanjivanje uskladištene vrijednosti. Temeljni problem kamata je što one orijentiraju svaki sustav prema shvaćanju novca kao vrijednog samog po sebi, a ne kao vrijednog za ono što bi u stvari trebao predstavljati. Naime kad su u pitanju kamate i održivost, onda se neizostavno mora naglasiti da se u sefu banke, jedan dolar može pretvoriti u dva ili čak i više njih, no nema tog čarobnog štapića koji bi u seljakovom skladištu mogao izvesti istu stvar s paradajzima i krumpirima.

Kamata je iznos koji se proporcionalno vremenskom periodu naplaćuje onima koji su kroz kredit posudili novac od banke ili valutnog sustava, odnosno iznos koji se isplaćuje onima što u banku ili valutni sustav polože depozit.


Valute Neopterećene Kamatama

Beskamatne valute - termin najbolje govori sam za sebe, valute su koje funkcioniraju bez kamata. Između ostalih prednosti ove vrste valuta, treba spomenuti da su one monetarni mehanizam u kojem je kamatarenje, ili kako se još naziva lihvarenje ili zelenaštvo, nepoznata pojava.

1750 godine, u vrijeme dok su Sjedinjene Američke Države još uvijek bile engleska kolonija, Benjamin Franklin je napisao da na cijelom svijetu nema sretnije i naprednije populacije od one koja je živjela na tom području. Prosperitet i blagostanje je objasnio činjenicom da u kolonijama sami sebi izdaju svoj vlastiti novac "Colonial Scrip", da sami kontroliraju njegovu kupovnu moć, i da za njegovu upotrebu nikome ne trebaju plaćati nikakve kamate.

"Greenback" je valuta neopterećena kamatama koja je Abrahamu Lincolnu omogućila pobjedu u Građanskom ratu.

1963 godine, Predsjednik Kennedy je Izvršnom naredbom 11110 izdao u opticaj iznos od preko 4 milijardi dolara. Te su novčanice na sebi umjesto "Novčanica Federalnih Rezervi" nosile oznaku "Dolar Sjedinjenih Američkih Država".

Kao noviji primjer za interest-free currency, može se navesti "Social credit".


Valute S Korisničkim Naknadama

Naplata ležarine je klasični primjer valute s korisničkim naknadama. Ležarina je naknada koja se proporcionalno određenom vremenskom periodu unutar komplementarnih i lokalnih valutnih sustava skida s računa s pozitivnim bilancama. Može se opisati kao pristojba za parkiranje valute ili korišćenje valute. Ležarina u principu funkcionira kao negativna kamatna stopa s ciljem destimulacije akumulacije valute. Dakle ležarina je metoda čija primjena služi bržem kruženju novca.

Komplementarna valuta Peanuts u Japanu, primjer je sistema u kojem se naplaćuje ležarina (1% mjesečno).


Valute Sa Specifičnom Vrijednošću Izraženoj U Vremenskim Jedinicama

Postoje i valute koje su karakterizirane takozvanom "step" funkcijom čiji je upaljač vrijeme. Radi se o surovijem načinu naplate ležarine. Još je u Srednjem vijeku bila raširena praksa "obnavljanja novca" - svakih nekoliko godina valuta se povlačila iz upotrebe, a pri zamjeni određenog iznosa stare valute dobijao se iznos nove valute čija je vrijednost bila manja za recimo 25%. Kroz taj se proces, u stvarnosti jedan oblik poreznog nameta, financirala lokalna monetarna vlast - grofovi, knezovi ili biskupi; te obeshrabrivala akumulacija valute.

Sustavi "scrip systems" u kojima se kupuju periodične markice i njima zatim obilježavaju valute kako ne bi izgubile svoju vrijednost, moderni su vidovi primjene ovog principa.


Valute S Istekom Roka Valjanosti

Valute s istekom roka valjanosti predstavljaju najradikalniji vid "step" funkcije. Na dan isteka valjanosti valute, primjenjuje se oporezivanje od 100%.


Podjela Novca Po Specifikaciji "Proces Stvaranja Novca"

Proces stvaranja novca je širokoj publici najmanje familijaran, no radi se o najvažnijoj klasifikaciji u ovom vodiču kroz lokalne valute, nekonvencionalne platne sustave i sustave razmjena. Proces stvaranja novca je direktno povezan s ekonomskom glavnom točkom dnevnog reda "odnos potražnje i ponude novca". Iako odnos ponude i potražnje na prvi pogled može izgledati najjednostavnija stvar, povijest je pokazala da taj princip zna biti i jako zamršena zagonetka koju ni najdetaljnije analize nisu u stanju razmrsiti. Naime, kako je potražnja često umjesto stvarnih potreba samo izraz želja, tako je i ponuda novca često samo ponuda valute, a ne ponuda vrijednosti; što na kraju može rezultirati propadanjem sustava kako nacionalne valute, tako i sustava komplementarne valute ili sustava lokalne valute. Dakle ravnoteža između potražnje i ponude novca, skupa s pitanjima tko je vlasnik valute u momentu njenog izdavanja i tko je njen vlasnik u cirkulaciji, odnosno čija je emisiona dobit (seigniorage), faktor je od kritične važnosti za održivost bilo kojeg novčanog sustava.

Prilikom pokretanja neke lokalne ili komplementarne valute, teži se k uspostavljanju ravnoteže između jednostavnosti izdavanja valute i truda kojeg je potrebno uložiti da bi se prvo stekli a zatim i konstantno održavali povjerenje i kredibilitet kod korisnika. Pronaći adekvatnu ravnotežu između ova dva cilja igra veoma važnu ulogu u stvaranju snažnih i zdravih komplementarnih i lokalnih valuta. Nekim metodama se novac lako stvara i pristupačniji je većem broju ljudi, no za uzvrat je teže održavati njegov kredibilitet; dok se drugim metodama novac teže stvara ali mu je lakše održavati kredibilitet.


Valute Sa Stvarnom Pokrivenošću

Valute sa potpunim stvarnim pokrićem u dobrima, robama, sirovinama, proizvodima ili uslugama, obično su najjače valute jer zrače valutnim kredibilitetom. Samom svojom prirodom, valute sa stvarnom pokrivenošću predstavljaju odlično rješenje za vječno prisutni problem kad je u pitanju novac - njegovo prekomjerno izdavanje. U prošlosti, mnoge valute su imale pokriće u realnim, opipljivim stvarima - zlato, srebro, pšenica i slično. Moderan konvencionalni novac kojim se služe sve nacije svijeta, naziva se "Fiat money"; radi se o novcu bez ikakvog materijalnog pokrića koji cirkulira samo zahvaljujući višoj zakonskoj sili. Neke komplementarne i lokalne valute imaju pokriće u konvencionalnom novcu koji je pak bez ikakvog pokrića, dok druge za pokriće uzimaju neke specifične proizvode ili usluge.

BerkShares je valuta koja je u potpunosti pokrivena američkim dolarom, a još jedan takav primjer je i Salt Spring Island na kojem cirkulira valuta u potpunosti pokrivena kanadskim dolarom.


Osigurani Krediti

Postoje dvije osnovne vrste kredita, osigurani krediti i neosigurani krediti. Kredit nije šala, svaki mjesec jedan dio plaće se mora odvajati za njegovo vraćanje. Neplaćanje kredita može imati veoma izbiljne posljedice.

Zaduživanje pod hipotekom se može smatrati oblikom valute sa stvarnim pokrićem, iz jednostavnog razloga što iza kredita kao podloga stoji kreditni kolateral. Neke komplementarne i lokalne valute se posuđuju s kamatama, a neki lokalni i komplementarni valutni sustavi nude kredite bez kamata.

Valute koje se izdaju kao osigurani krediti po logici stvari lakše stiču kredibilitet među širom publikom, međutim, ljudi i firme koji ne raspolažu kolateralom kojeg je neophodno ponuditi kao garanciju za kredit, mogu se susresti s poteškoćama u pristupu tim vrstama valute.


Neosigurani krediti

Za razliku od osiguranog kredita, neosigurani krediti su oni krediti za koje zajmoprimac ne mora nuditi garanciju, vjerovnik se oslanja na ugovorne obveze da će dužnik vraćati posuđeni novac. Budući da su nepostojanjem kreditnog kolaterala rizici puno veći, kreditori uglavnom naginju prema odobravanju manjih iznosa s većim kamatnim stopama i kraćim rokovima otplate.

Nasuprot osiguranim kreditima, valute u obliku neosiguranih kredita su valute kojima populacija može puno lakše pristupiti, ali je zato njihova glavna mana valutna vjerodostojnost. Naime, umjesto čvrstog fizičkog argumenta, prepreka prekomjernom izdavanju novca je obično obećanje.


Vaučeri Otkupivi Za Konvencionalni Novac

Vaučeri otkupivi za konvencionalni novac predstavljaju sistem unutar kojeg kao sredstvo razmjene cirkuliraju vaučeri koje je kroz nacionalnu valutu moguće i kupiti, i po nekim unaprijed određenim uvjetima ponovno otkupiti.

Chiemgau Voluntary Association (Švicarska) razvila je sustav vaučera s podlogom u eurima, u kojem je jedan chiemgauer ekvivalentan jednom euru.

Swiss Lunch-Check Cooperative razvila je sustav u kojem članovi na 4.500 platnih lokacija švicarskim francima kupuju vaučere čiji rok valjanosti nema isteka.

Swiss Travel Fund Reka Cooperative razvila je sustav u kojem nekih 2,5 miljuna članova na 8.500 platnih lokacija švicarskim francima kupuju vaučere čiji rok valjanosti nema isteka.

Talent Exchange Ring (Austria), sustav je u kojem se vaučeri kupuju za eure. Formula: 1 sat = 100 talenta = 7,8 eura.


Korporativni Vaučeri

Korporativni vaučeri su vrsta vaučera sa karakteristikama sličnim vaučerima otkupivim za konvencionalni novac. Od njih se razlikuju po tome što nisu otkupivi za nacionalnu valutu. Mogu se poklanjati, na primjer kao besplatni kuponi u novinama, ili ih je moguće kupiti uz neki određeni popust. U zamjenu za korporativne vaučere nije moguće dobiti gotovinu, ali se zato njima mogu priuštiti neki proizvodi ili usluge. Najčešće se koriste samo između izdavaoca i kupca, iako ima slučajeva u kojima cirkuliraju i kao sredstvo plaćanja među klijentima. Najpoznatiji primjer ovog tipa vaučera su "give aways" simboli za popust u supermarketima.


Valute Bazirane Na Lojalnosti Klijenata

Komercijalne lokalne valute i komercijalne komplementarne valute koje proporcionalno njihovoj kupnji konvencionalnim novcem, potrošačima izdaju tvrtke, nazivaju se valute bazirane na lojalnosti klijenata. Radi se o korporativnim ceduljama kojima se obično mogu kupiti proizvodi i usluge korporacije koja ih izdaje, ili proizvodi i usluge poduzeća koja sudjeluju u sustavu. Valuta avio-kompanija "Frequent Flyer Miles" bila je prvi sustav ovog tipa razvijen do velikih razmjera, a "Tesco" lojalna valuta u Engleskoj danas vjerojatno predstavlja jedan od najuspješnijih sistema.

U principu, pokriće valute bazirane na lojalnosti klijenata je reputacija firme koja ju izdaje.


Mutual Credit - Uzajamno Kreditiranje

Uzajamno kreditiranje je termin koji se koristi za valutni sustav u kojem se valuta izdaje kroz transakcije između članova na način da istodobno za jednu stranu predstavljaju dugovanje, a za drugu stranu potraživanje. Drugim riječima, sudionici se među sobom kreditiraju, odnosno zadužuju jedan kod drugog. Na primjer, izraženo u vremenu, ako Suzana uradi neki posao od jednog sata za Marka, saldo njenog računa će se povećati za 1 sat, a Marko će postati dužan za 1 sat. Poslovnim dogovorom između sebe, Suzana i Marko su sami stvorili iznos valute neohodan da bi se transakcija uopće izvršila.

Kao primjer uzajamnog kreditiranja može poslužiti LETS sustav.

Budući da se radi o samoregulirajućem sustavu, glavne prednosti uzajamnog kreditiranja su da ne postoje rizici od inflacije, i da uvijek ima dovoljno valute na raspolaganju - količina stvorenog novca konstantno savršeno odgovara potrebama.


Centralno Izdavanje Novca

Izdavati novac putem jednog centralnog ureda i kroz njega ga distribuirati svima ili samo onima koji zadovoljavaju neke određene preduvjete, spada među najjednostavnije načine za izdavanje valute. Klasičan primjer ovog načina izdavanja novca predstavljaju središnje banke. Što se pak tiče alternativnih područja, navedimo njemački sustav "Währungsreform" uveden nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, argentinski "Credito system" i japanski eksperiment s kupovnim bonovima 1999 godine.


Hibridni Procesi Izdavanja Novca

Način izdavanja lokalne valute i komplementarne valute može predstavljati i kombinaciju gore opisanih različitih metoda stvaranja novca. Na primjer, WIR se izdaje i kao uzajamno kreditiranje i kroz centralni ured kao osigurani kredit. Dodatni primjer su neke komplementarne i lokalne valute sa socijalnom namjenom koje tvrtke u djelomičnim plaćanjima prihvaćaju kao lojalne valute.


Podjela Novca Po Specifikaciji "Pokrivanje Troškova"

Zvali ga sustav alternativne valute, sustav komplementarne valute, sustav lokalne valute, sustav razmjene ili na primjer nekonvencionalni platni sustav - kako ne bi prestao funkcionirati, svaki od njih košta neko vrijeme u kojem se ulažu neki ljudski napori u njegovo održavanje. Te troškove uobičajeno prate i troškovi održavanja infrastrukture. Zna se desiti da se dio troškova pokrije samom lokalnom ili komplementarnom valutom, najčešće se to odnosi na ljudski rad; međutim troškovi kao što su Internet, telefonske veze ili na primjer kompjuteri, uglavnom se moraju pokriti zakonskim platnim sredstvom. Ukoliko ovaj aspekt nije dobro razrađen, funkcioniranje i održavanje nekonvencionalnog valutnog sustava ima tendenciju postepenog opadanja kvalitete, što na kraju može dovesti i do raspada cijelog sustava. Ukratko, ako pitanje pokrivanja troškova odnosno generiranja prihoda nije rješeno na samom startu, sustav komplementarne ili lokalne valute gotovo sigurno neće biti održiv na duže staze. Stoga je prvi korak jasno podijeliti troškove na one koji će se moći pokrivati lokalnom ili komplementarnom valutom, i one druge koje će biti nužno plaćati konvencionalnim novcem. U principu postoje dva tipa proračuna koje treba donijeti za svaki od navedenih nekonvencionalnih novčanih sustava, a to su početni proračun i proračun koji pokriva daljni rad i razvoj. Neki od načina za generiranje prihoda, opisani su u donjim redovima.

Bez ikakve sumnje, imati niske troškove je najbolji mogući pristup. Ako su troškovi koje treba platiti konvencionalnim novcem visoki, komplementarni valutni sustavi i lokalni valutni sustavi će se prije ili kasnije suočiti s financijskim poteškoćama. S troškovima koji se odnose na lokalnu ili komplementarnu valutu dosta se lakše nositi iz jednostavnog razloga što se ti problemi rješavaju mogućnostima koja se nude postavljanjem načina funkcioniranja samih sustava. Svaki od dole navedenih primjera mehanizama za pokrivanje troškova ima neke svoje prednosti, ali i mane. Ključni kriterijum kojeg treba imati na umu prilikom odabira mehanizma za pokrivanje troškova, svakako je taj da bi izabranu opciju trebalo koristiti kao poticaj koji je u skladu s ciljevima pokrenutog projekta. U tom smislu, naplata transakcija je loš izbor jer djeluje upravo suprotno od poticanja na upotrebu valute, dok su članarina i naplata zakasnine poželjnije solucije jer ohrabruju na trgovanje kroz lokalnu ili komplementarnu valutu.


Valute Bez Pokrivanja Troškova

Prva od niza opcija je uopće ne pokrivati nikakve troškove. Za onaj dio troškova koji se odnosi na komplementarnu ili lokalnu valutu, u većini sustava baziranih na uzajmnom kreditiranju jednostavno se otvori "račun za zajedničko dobro" koji se zatim tereti za onoliko koliko se isplaćuje ljudima što obavljaju poslove vezane za funkcioniranje, održavanje i razvoj sustava. Za druge vrste sustava i/ili za onaj dio troškova koji se odnosi na konvencionalni novac, ne pokrivati nikakve troškove je održivo samo u slučaju da sustav sam po sebi ne stvara nikakve troškove, ili ako se neka organizacija ponudi kao sponzor projekta pružati neophodna sredstva. Neki peer-to-peer sistemi su zapravo dizajnirani na način da ne stvaraju nikakve troškove, pa je stoga ili članstvo u njima besplatno, ili u sklopu njih nije ugrađen mehanizam za pokrivanje troškova.


Flat Fee

Flat fee je naredna tipična opcija pokrivanja troškova. Flat fee može funkcionirati kao periodično plaćanje članarine, ili kao startna naknada čijim plaćanjem članovi postaju sposobni sudjelovati. U nekim slučajevima članarine nisu jednake za sve sudionike, naprimjer ponekad kompanije moraju plaćati više od pojedinaca. To se obično odnosi na pokrivanje troškova u konvencionalnom novcu.


Transakcijske Naknade

Jedna kategorija transakcijskih naknada aplicira se posebno za svaku transakciju, a temelji se na naplati malog postotka od ukupnog iznosa transakcije, dok druga kategorija transakcijskih naknada znači isti fiksni iznos naknade po svakoj transakciji. Iako se u nekim nekonvencionalnim valutnim sustavima prakticira periodična naplata naknada i to s obzirom na sveukupni mjesečni iznos, navedene sume se uglavnom naplaćuju u trenutku obavljanja transakcije. Također, naknade se uglavnom naplaćuju u istoj valuti u kojoj se same transakcije obavljaju, no postoje i izuzeci u kojima se na primjer transakcija vrši u lokalnoj valuti, a naknada naplaćuje u konvencionalnom novcu.


Naplata Kamata, Naplata Zakasnine I Ostale Naplate Bazirane Na Vremenu

Opcije poput naplate kamata, naplate nepoštivanja vremenskih rokova i ostale vrste naplata po jedinici vremena, odlični su kandidati za pokrivanje tekućih troškova kad se radi o nekonvencionalnim valutnim sustavima.


Kombinacije

Nekonvencionalni platni sustavi soluciju za pokrivanje troškova često nalaze u raznim kombinacijama prethodno navedenih mogućnosti. Kao primjeri takvih kombinacija mogu se navesti naplata naknada za prekoračenje određenih i pozitivnih i negativnih bilanci, naplata i zakasnine i kamata, naplata i članarina i transakcijskih naknada... Iako to nije pravilo, članarine su uglavnom mehanizam koji se koristi za pokrivanje rashoda u konvencionalnom novcu, dok drugi mehanizmi služe pokrivanju rashoda u lokalnoj ili komplementarnoj valuti.


Neki Nekonvencionalni Valutni Sustavi I Sustavi Razmjena

Ekonomska perspektiva ograničena je sama sobom na funkcije novca i njegove materijalne osnove, te otkriva jako malo o potpunoj slici novčanih sustava. Budući da su gotovo sve alternativne valute, komplementarne valute i lokalne valute rođene kao specifične ideje o rješenju društvenih i ekonomskih problema, postojeće klasifikacijske sheme u mnogim aspektima nije zadovoljavajuće.


LETS - Local Exchange Trading Systems

Poznati i kao LETSystems, ovi sustavi lokalne razmjene i trgovanja bazirani na povjerenju, predstavljaju demokratski organizirane neprofitne poslovne zajednice koje sudionicima pružaju informacijske usluge i evidenciju transakcija kroz koje se u lokalnoj valuti obavljaju razmjene proizvoda i usluga.

Termin "Local Exchange Trading System" osmislio je 1983 godine Michael Linton. Linton je neko vrijeme u gradu Courtenay na istočnoj obali otoka Vancouver vodio sustav "Comox Valley LETSystems". Sustav je dizajnirao tako da umjesto kao zamjena za nacionalnu valutu funkcionira kao njen dodatak. Kasnije su se pojavili ljudi koji su neke LETS sustave postavili na način da umjesto kao dodatak funkcioniraju kao zamjena za nacionalnu valutu.

I LETS sistemi često imaju iste probleme kao i oni s kojima se suočavaju sve nevladine udruge, neprofitne organizacije i zajednice volontera. Organizatori se žale da su preumorni od puno posla kojeg moraju odrađivati, što je do sada rezultiralo zatvaranjem i ne baš tako malog broja LETS sustava. Mnogi od tih problema mogu se međutim prevladati efikasnijim organiziranjem i softwerskim aplikacijama.

Odmah po učlanjenju u LETS sustav, novi sudionici mogu početi s trgovanjem bez obzira na to što je saldo njihovog računa pozitivna nula. Ljepota LETS sustava baziranih na vremenu leži u tome što se sredstvo razmjene umjesto da je unaprijed neophodno, stvara svaki put samim činom obavljanja trgovanja između dvije strane. Kupac ide u dug za cijenu koja je izražena u broju radnih sati, a saldo računa prodavatelja raste za isti iznos. Kao što prodavac može potrošiti svoje akumulirane sate na usluge iz ponude drugih sudionika, tako i kupac može izaći iz duga nudeći svoje usluge ostalim članovima. Neki LETS sustavi imaju limitirane visine pozitivnih i negativnih bilanci na računima sudionika. Jedini uvjet kojeg moraju ispuniti članovi koji se odluče napustiti sustav, je taj da stanje računa dovedu na nulu.

Negativne strane LETS sustava su te što u trgovanju mogu sudjelovati samo članovi, što i nisu baš najvidljiviji i što ne uspijevaju stvoriti veće zajednice ljudi. Aktivnosti među grupacijama unutar LETS sustava uglavnom naginju stagniranju kad članovi s traženim vještinama nakupe puno valute, ali se nađu u situaciji da tu valutu nemaju gdje potrošiti.


Crom - Sustav Za Procjenu I Razmjenu Vrijednosti

Sustav za procjenu i razmjenu vrijednosti pod nazivom Sustav Alternativne Valute Crom, specifičan je po tome što temeljen na principu 'Slobodne Valute - Slobodna Tržišta - Slobodni Ljudi - Slobodni Planet', u odnosu na ključna pitanja što je uopće vrijednost i kome pripada pravo tog definiranja, ne nameće sudionicima administrativni monopol na odabir platnog sredstva odnosno sredstva za razmjenu, već svakom članu omogućuje poslovati i trgovati kroz bilo koje sredstvo plaćanja ili sredstvo razmjene po njegovom slobodnom vlastitom izboru. Unutar sustava kao univerzalno, ali neobavezno platno sredstvo cirkulira Crom Alternativna Valuta - kombinacija fiksne količine pet plemenitih metala. Za razliku od lokalnih valutnih sustava, Crom je jednako dobro primjenjiv i na lokalnom i na globalnom nivou, a za razliku od komplementarnih valutnih sustava, ne predstavlja dodatak nacionalnoj valuti već pravu zamjenu za konvencionalni novac.

Sustav Alternativne Valute Crom začet je 2007 godine kao inovacija koja uvijek teži prema što većoj fleksibilnosti, a ideja koju je inicijalno osmislio Đurić Aljoša iz Pule, od 2009 se razvija kroz upravo u tu svrhu formiranu Udrugu Crom Alternativna Razmjena.

Sustav pruža mogućnost podizanja kredita u alternativnoj valuti, te zamjenu konvencionalnog novca u alternativnu valutu i obratno. Budući da je izdavanje valute bazirano na ekvivalentnom odnosu sa stvarnim vrijednostima, novčana ponuda je uvijek kompaktibilna s potražnjom novca, pa su time uklonjeni rizici od inflacije.



Alternativna Valuta Crom izdaje se u elektroničkom obliku, pa je mana i ovog sustava ta što trgovati kroz njega mogu samo registrirani sudionici. No prvi oblik papirnatog platnog sredstva "Crom Tranzicijski Ček" koji je upravo ugledao svjetlo dana, iako još uvijek namijenjen samo registriranim članovima, optimistična je i obećavajuća najava da će se i planirane papirnate novčanice uskoro pojaviti na ulicama gradova i sela.

Sama Crom Alternativna Valuta preorijentacija je s koncepta "novac - dug" na "novac - imovina", a postoje naznake da će se cijela shema ubrzo s terminologije "novac" i "valuta" preorijentirati na terminologiju "vrijednost".


Barter Systems, Inc.

Barter Systems, Inc je organizacija osnovana s ciljem da bez upotrebe gotovog novca, poduzetnicima, biznismenima i profesionalcima pruži drugačiju mogućnost zadovoljavanja njihovih poslovnih i personalnih potreba. Klijenti međusobno trguju kroz "BSI trade dollars" zarađene prodajom proizvoda i usluga jedni drugima. Iako je ova barter mreža poprilično široko rasprostranjena, sudionici mogu poslovati i s članovima drugih barter razmjena lociranim diljem svijeta kao npr u Sjevernoj Americi, Karibima, Europi, Australiji i Južnoj Americi.]]>
Ekonomija Sun, 22 Apr 2012 09:07:39 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/28-ekonomija/2414-vodi-kroz-lokalne-valute-platne-sustave-i-sustave-razmjena#2414
Naslov: Mobiteli Će Uskoro Zamijeniti Plaćanje Gotovim Novcem - od: zagor http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/32-tehnologija-i-inovacije/2413-mobiteli-e-uskoro-zamijeniti-plaanje-gotovim-novcem#2413 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/32-tehnologija-i-inovacije/2413-mobiteli-e-uskoro-zamijeniti-plaanje-gotovim-novcem#2413 Hoće li mobitel kao novi digitalni novčanik 21 stoljeća i nova vrsta kreditne kartice uskoro zamijeniti tradicionalni novčanik i plaćanje papirnatim novčanicama?
Suvremena tehnologija omogućila je pretvaranje svakog mobitela u kreditnu karticu, što će vrlo vjerojatno u nekoliko sljedećih godina označiti kraj plaćanju gotovim novcem - prognoziraju relevantni stručnjaci.




Razvoj Interneta doveo je između ostalog i do pojave brojnih alternativnih platnih sustava. Jedan od njih je Crom Sustav Za Procjenu I Razmjenu Vrijednosti, ekonomski model unutar kojeg se kroz pristup "Crom Mobile" plaćanja u alternativnoj valuti kao nekonvencionalnom platnom sredstvu mogu obavljati mobilnim uređajima.

Iako su mobilni platni sustavi za sada iz sigurnosnih razloga uglavnom ograničeni niskom dozvoljenom visinom platnog iznosa, zagovornici tehnologije smatraju da će upotreba keša vrlo brzo izumrijeti, mobiteli će preuzeti ulogu papirnatih novčanica.

Osim povezivanjem na Internet ili putem SMS poruka, mobiteli se danas kao platni alat veoma lako i jednostavno daju transformirati u prave pravcate kreditne kartice. Da bi mobilni telefon postao mobilna kreditna kartica, u njega se ugrađuje pametna kartica ili mu se na poleđini zalijepi PayTag naljepnica veličinom skoro tri puta manja od tradicionalne kreditne kartice.

Proces vršenja plaćanja mobitelom kao kreditnom karticom funkcionira na način da kartica ili naljepnica što u sebi sadrži mikročip, komunicira s platnim terminalom putem antene kako bi se potvrdio račun kreditne kartice kupca i autoriziralo plaćanje, bez potrebe za unošenjem PIN-a.

Ovaj zadnji tehnološki hit lansirao je Barclaycard iz kojeg tvrde da se radi o platnom sustavu 100% otpornom na prevare. Mobilno plaćanje ovakve ili slične vrste vjerojatno će ubrzo uvesti i druge banke. Sve do nedavno samo su se rijetki super moderni uređaji mogli upotrijebiti za obavljanje mobilnih plaćanja, no novi tagovi spomenutom funkcionalnošću obogaćuju bilo koji telefon.

Sve je više trgovaca koji prihvaćaju novu platnu tehnologiju, uključujući McDonald’s i Tesco. Do kraja godine, autobusi u Londonu također će uvesti spomenuti mobilni platni sustav.

Carl Scheible, direktor PayPal-a u Velikoj Britaniji, izjavio je da će do 2016 godine mobitel kao digitalni novčanik 21 stoljeća zamijeniti tradicionalni zastarjeli novčanik na kojeg smo inače navikli.]]>
Tehnologija I Inovacije Sun, 22 Apr 2012 05:58:00 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/32-tehnologija-i-inovacije/2413-mobiteli-e-uskoro-zamijeniti-plaanje-gotovim-novcem#2413
Naslov: Povratak U Pećinu Na Život Bez Novca - od: tuper http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/44-priroda/2412-povratak-u-peinu-na-ivot-bez-novca#2412 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/44-priroda/2412-povratak-u-peinu-na-ivot-bez-novca#2412 Povratak U Pećinu Na Život Bez Novca

U slučaju da vam se monetarna reforma i alternativne valute čine perfektnom utopijom, dužničko ropstvo se može eliminirati i na ovaj način, povratkom u pećinu na život bez novca.





Daniel Suelo živi u pećinama u kanjovitom području savezne američke države Utah. Hrabra odluka odvikavanja od suvremenog načina života, karakteričnog prvenstveno po apsolutnoj ovisnosti o kreditnom novcu, transformirala je Daniela u čovjeka koji preživljava berući biljnu hranu koju pruža divlja priroda i jedući životinje koje motorna vozila pregaze na cesti.

Iako nema posao, Daniel Suelo odbija socijalnu skrb. Nema račun u banci, nema kreditne kartice i nema keš. Daniel se odrekao svake povezanosti s konceptom novca.

Izbjegavati zamke života u modernoj civilizaciji ovom metodom na prvi pogled se može učiniti ekstremizmom, no Daniel nije radikalni izolacionist. Otkada se u 2000-oj odrekao života baziranog na novcu, jedan bivši kuhar iz Moaba je postao aktivni član njegove zajednice.

Mark Sundeen, autor knjige "Čovjek Koji Je Napustio Novac", priznaje da većina ljudi uzima Danielov alternativni životni stil za posebnu bizarnost, ali globalna financijska provalija što se otvorila 2007 godine, mnoge je navela na preispitivanje tabu teme "vrijednost novca". Kroz ovaj YouTube video prilog, Mark nas upoznaje s Danielovom životnom filozofijom.]]>
Priroda Sat, 21 Apr 2012 08:11:35 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/44-priroda/2412-povratak-u-peinu-na-ivot-bez-novca#2412
Naslov: First International Social Transformation Conference - od: administrator http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/70-whats-new/2411-first-international-social-transformation-conference#2411 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/70-whats-new/2411-first-international-social-transformation-conference#2411
Energy Currency - First International Social Transformation Conference]]>
What's New Thu, 19 Apr 2012 12:14:12 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/70-whats-new/2411-first-international-social-transformation-conference#2411
Naslov: Prva Međunarodna Konferencija O Društvenoj Transformaciji - od: administrator http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/70-whats-new/2410-prva-meunarodna-konferencija-o-drutvenoj-transformaciji#2410 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/70-whats-new/2410-prva-meunarodna-konferencija-o-drutvenoj-transformaciji#2410
Energetska Valuta - Prva Međunarodna Konferencija O Društvenoj Transformaciji]]>
What's New Thu, 19 Apr 2012 12:13:06 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/70-whats-new/2410-prva-meunarodna-konferencija-o-drutvenoj-transformaciji#2410
Naslov: Prima Conferenza Internazionale Sulla Trasformazione Sociale - od: administrator http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/70-whats-new/2409-prima-conferenza-internazionale-sulla-trasformazione-sociale#2409 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/70-whats-new/2409-prima-conferenza-internazionale-sulla-trasformazione-sociale#2409
Energy Currency – Prima Conferenza Internazionale Sulla Trasformazione Sociale]]>
What's New Thu, 19 Apr 2012 12:11:53 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/70-whats-new/2409-prima-conferenza-internazionale-sulla-trasformazione-sociale#2409
Naslov: Greece Bartering System Popular In Volos - od: marc http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2406-greece-bartering-system-popular-in-volos#2406 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2406-greece-bartering-system-popular-in-volos#2406
BBC News - 11 April 2012

A few months ago, an alternative currency was introduced in the Greek port city of Volos. It was a grass-roots initiative that has since grown into a network of more than 800 members, in a community struggling to afford items in euros during a deepening financial crisis.





As Greece wonders whether its debt crisis will eventually spell its exit from the euro, one town, Volos, has formed an alternative local currencyAs Greece wonders whether its debt crisis will eventually spell its exit from the euro, one town, Volos, has formed an alternative local currency.


The handicrafts stall at Volos central market lies at the end, just past the homemade jams. After perusing what there is on offer, Hara Soldatou picks out a set of decorated candles, delighted with her purchase. "They cost me 24 TEM, which I built up by offering yoga classes," she says.

Wherever you wander through the market area, one thing you won't need in your pocket is money.

From jewellery to food, electrical parts to clothes, everything here is on sale through a local alternative currency called TEM.

It works as an exchange system. If you have goods or services to offer, you gain credit, with one euro equivalent to one TEM.

You can then use your "savings" to buy whatever else is being offered through the network, leading to some rather original exchanges of goods.

It's all reminiscent of an ancient bartering system returning to today's Greece.

"I can get language classes or computer lessons in return", says Stavros Ntentos from his stall where he sells children's underwear.

"It's a very good idea because we need to make people realise we can all buy and sell something; we don't only need euros."

"We have reached the bottom of our lives and we now have to think in a different way," says Tasos, a vegetable-seller.

Co-existing currencies

The whole system is organised online, with members holding TEM accounts, which are debited with each virtual transaction.

The founder, Yiannis Grigoriou, stands next to the computer bank at the market, surveying proceedings.

"It's attractive because people find hope here. They find things to give and take," he says.

So could the TEM become the dominant currency in Volos?

"I don't know", he says, chuckling. "We'll see about that."

Exiting the eurozone has been a frequently-discussed scenario over recent months, as Greece has sunk deeper into its worst recession in modern history.

And while some in the country see TEM as an alternative - "the euro is a thing of the past," explained one shopper - it seems more like a back-up than a viable replacement.

The mayor of Volos, Panos Skotiniotis, insists the euro is not in danger from TEM.

He stands by the project, but says the two currencies can co-exist.

"We support the initiative because it's a very good way out of the deep economic and social crisis," he says.

"It's an initiative that supplements the euro but doesn't replace the euro. Greece is in the eurozone, we want to remain in the eurozone, we think we must remain in the euro."

Fresh start?

But the alternative currency network is spreading throughout the community, with more and more businesses now depending on it.

At a local flower-growing co-operative staffed by people with learning disabilities, the workers use TEM to sell their plants for other services that they would otherwise struggle to afford.

And members of the public come to help out at the business, cutting the grass or mending a fence in return for the plants offered.

"We can buy bread or meat in exchange for our products, or the girls can go to the hairdresser," says Peri Mantzafleri, who runs the co-operative.

"I grew up in a village - this was how it used to work in the old days, before money became involved. So this could be a chance to start again."

And the next generation is benefiting too.

In the local town hall, children take part in lively activity workshops - a mixture of games, songs and drawing.

Parents who are now struggling to afford the sessions can pay in part through TEM, with the two currencies working side-by-side.

See things 'differently'

Charalampos Bardas, the co-ordinator of the workshops, says the local currency is invaluable.

"It's a big solution against this crisis. Life goes on, we have to fight," he says.

"We have to see things differently now. It's not the end of the world if we have this crisis. We want to succeed and move on."

And so this small community has developed a new tool to fight against the worst financial crisis that many have ever known.

The euro may not be forced out here, but Volos has found a way of coping through alternative means.

A simple bartering system, exchanging despair for hope.




An alternative currency called TEM is being used in a small community in Greece.]]>
Economics Wed, 18 Apr 2012 05:14:46 +0000 http://cromalternativemoney.org/index.php/hr/forum/6-economics/2406-greece-bartering-system-popular-in-volos#2406